Building the Group: Using Personal Affirming to Create Healthy Group Process

Abstract

Kid's needs are best met by grown-ups whose needs are met.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Billig

(1976). Social psychology and group relations. NY: Academic Press.

Block

Greenberg

(1985). Women & friendships. NY: Watts.

Burlingham

(1995). Man against nature: Adventurers set off the North Pole. Sportlife 1 (6), 1. WI: Fisher Business Network.

Clarke

J. I.

(1978). Self-esteem: A family affair. Minneapolis, MN: Winston Press.

Davis-Berman

Berman

(1994). Wilderness therapy: Foundations, theory & research. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.

Freud

(1922). Group psychology and the analysis of the ego. London: Hogarth.

Gerard

H. B.

(1961). Emotional uncertainty and social comparison. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 586–592.

Janis

I. L.

(1963). Group identification under conditions of external danger. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 36, 227–238.

Johnson

D. W.

Johnson

F. P.

. (1991). Joining together group theory and group skills. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

10.

Kaufman

(1985). Shame: The power of caring. VT: Schenkman Books, Inc.

11.

Kissel

(1965). Stress-reducing properties of social stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 378–384.

12.

Kleiner

R. J.

(1960). The effects of threat reduction upon interpersonal attractiveness. Journal of Personality, 28, 145–155.

13.

Latané

Glass

D. C.

(1968). Social and nonsocial attraction in rats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 142–146.

14.

McAvoy

Mitten

Steckart

Stringer

(1992). Research in outdoor education: Group development and group dynamics. In Henderson

(Ed.), Coalition for Education in the Outdoors research Symposium Proceedings, Bradford Woods, IN: Coalition for Education in the Outdoors.

15.

Mitten

1986. Stress Management and Wilderness Activities. In Gass

Buel

(Eds.), Proceedings Journal. Moodus, CT: Association for Experiential Education 14th Annual International Conference. pp. 29–34.

16.

Mitten

1993. Leader's language impacts participant's experience. Women Outdoors, 13, (3), 9–11.

17.

Parloff

(1961). Therapist-patient relationships and outcome of psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 25, 29–38.

18.

Pellegrin

R.J.

(1953). The achievement of high status and leadership in the small group. Social Forces, 32, 10–16.

19.

Pepitone

Kleiner

(1957) The effects of threat and frustration on group cohesiveness. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 192–199.

20.

Peterson

(1992). At personal risk. NY: W.W. Norton & Company.

21.

Rogers

(1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships. In Koch

(Ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science, Vol 3. New York: McGraw-Hill.

22.

Ross

(1995). Personal communication.

23.

Schachter

(1959). The psychology of affiliation. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

24.

Seeman

(1954). Counselor judgements of the theraputic process and outcome. In Rogers

Dymond

(Eds.), Psychotherapy and Personality Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

25.

Sherif

(1935). A study of some social factors in perception. Arch Psychol, 27, 187.

26.

Truax

Carkhuff

(1967). Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy: Training and practice. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.

27.

Wills

T. A.

(1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245–271.

28.

Yalom

(1995). Theory and practice of group psychotheraphy. NY: Basic Books, Inc.