This article reports on research that demonstrates how parents in first-generation Chinese families in Vancouver, Canada, most of them from Hong Kong, control their children’s involvement in local adventure education (AE) programs and in so doing minimize the likelihood of intergenerational culture conflict involving those children. The research is based on 28 face-to-face, digitally recorded interviews with 14- to 18-year-old participants, their parents, and instructors, in two AE programs in Vancouver, Canada. The interviews were conducted in 2009.
BerryJ. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-33.
2.
BondM. H. (1986). The psychology of Chinese people. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
3.
BondM. H. (1996). Handbook of Chinese psychology. Hong Kong, China: Oxford University Press.
4.
BrownA. (2003). The challenges facing providers of outdoor management development in Hong Kong (Unpublished master’s thesis). Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Hallam University.
5.
CarrD. S.WilliamsD. R. (1993). Understanding the role of ethnicity in outdoor recreation experiences. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(1), 22-38.
6.
CostiganC. L.DokisD. P. (2006). Similarities and differences in acculturation among mothers, fathers and children in immigrant Chinese families. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 723-741.
7.
HofstedeG. (1983). Dimensions of national cultures in fifty countries and three regions. In DeregowskiD. B.DziurawiecS.AnnisR. C. (Ed.), Expiscations in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 335-355). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger.
8.
HofstedeG. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
9.
HofstedeG.BondM. H. (1984). Hofstede’s culture dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach’s value survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15, 417-433.
10.
HofstedeG.BondM. H. (1988). The Confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 5-21.
11.
HuntJ. (1990). Philosophy of adventure education. In MilesJ.PriestS. (Ed.), Adventure education (p. 119-136). State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
12.
HwangS. S.MurdockS. H. (1991). Ethnic enclosure or ethnic competition: Ethnic identification among Hispanics in Texas. Sociology Quarterly, 32, 469-476.
13.
KeefeS. E.PadillaA. M. (1987). Chicane ethnicity. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
14.
KwakK. (2003). Adolescents and their parents: A review of intergenerational family relations for immigrant and non-immigrant families. Human Development, 46, 115-136.
15.
LamL. (1998). Migration and settlement: Hong Kong Chinese immigrants in Toronto, Canada. In WangL. C.WangG. W. (Ed.), The Chinese diaspora: Selective essays (Vol. II). Singapore: Times Academic Press.
16.
LeeR. M.ChoeJ.KimG.NgoV. (2000). Construction of the Asian American Family Conflicts Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47, 211-222.
17.
LeeR. M.SuJ.YoshidaE. (2005). Coping with intergenerational family conflict among Asian American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 389-399.
18.
LeungT. K.ChanY. K. (2003). Face, favour and positioning: A Chinese power game. European Journal of Marketing, 37, 1575-1598.
19.
LiP. (1988). The Chinese in Canada. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Oxford University Press.
20.
McKenzieM. (2000). How are adventure education programme outcomes achieved? A review of literature. Australian Journal of Outdoor Education, 5, 19-28.
21.
MedrickF. (1998). Confronting passive behaviour through outdoor experience. Paper presented at the Outdoor Leadership Training Seminars: Children, Nature, and the Urban Environment (pp. 192-198). Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
22.
MilesJ.PriestS. (1990). Adventure education. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
23.
MinerJ. (1990). The creation of Outward Bound. In MilesJ.PriestS. (Ed.), Adventure education (p. 55-66). State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
24.
MinerJ.BoldtJ. (1981). Outward Bound USA. New York, NY: William Morrow.
25.
NadlerR.LucknerJ. (1992). Processing the adventure experience: Theory and practice. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt.
26.
OkagakiL.BojczykK. E. (2002). Perspectives on Asian-American development. In Nagayama HallG. C.OkazakiS. (Eds.), Asian American psychology: The science of lives in context (pp. 67-104). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
27.
PotterT. G.HendersonB. (2004). Canadian outdoor adventure education: Hear the challenge—Learn the lessons. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 4, 69-87.
28.
PriestS.GassM. (1997). Effective leadership in adventure programming. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
29.
ProutyD.PanicucciJ.CollinsonR. (2007). Adventure education: Theory and practice. Leeds, UK: Human Kinetics.
ShaullS. L.GramannJ. H. (1998). The effect of cultural assimilation on the importance of family-related and nature-related recreation among Hispanic Americans. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(1), 47-63.
32.
StodolskaM.MarcinkowskiM.Yi-KookJ. (2007). The role of ethnic enclosure in leisure in the economic achievement of Korean immigrants. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(1), 1-27.
33.
TriandisH. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in different cultural contexts. Psychology Review, 96, 269-289.
34.
TriandisH. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
35.
TriandisH. C.GelfandM. (1998). Converging measurements of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 118-128.
36.
TriandisH. C.SuhE. M. (2002). Cultural influences on personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 133-160.
37.
Van ManenM. (1991). Research lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. New York: State University of New York Press.
38.
WalkerG. J.DengJ.DieserR. (2005). Culture, self-construal, and leisure theory and practice. Journal of Leisure Research, 37, 77-99.
39.
YingY.-W.CoombsM.LeeP. A. (1999). Family intergenerational relationships of Asian American adolescents. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5, 350-363.
40.
ZhouM.LeeJ. (2004). Introduction: The making of culture, identity, and ethnicity among Asian American youth. In LeeJ.ZhouM. (Eds.), Asian American youth: Culture, identity and ethnicity (pp. 1-30). New York, NY: Routledge.
