Differences between children with mild handicapping conditions and those who are considered at risk are explored.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Algozzine, B., & Ysseldyke, J.E. (1983). An analysis of the incidence of special class placement: The masses are burgeoning. The Journal of Special Education, 17, 141–147.
2.
Algozzine, B., & Ysseldyke, J.E. (1986). The future of the LD field: Screening and diagnosis. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 394–398.
3.
Berrueta-Clement, J.R., Schweinhart, L.J., Barnett, W.S., Epstein, A.S., & Weikart, D.P. (1984). Changed lives: The effects of the Perry Preschool Program through age 19 (Monograph No. 8). Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.
4.
Butler, O.B. (1989, January). Early help for kids at-risk: Our nation's best investment. NEA Today [Special issue], pp. 15–19.
5.
Chalfant, J.C., Pysh, M.V., & Moultrie, R. (1979). Teacher assistance teams: A model for within building problem solving. Learning Disability Quarterly, 2(3), 85–96.
6.
Children's Defense Fund. (1986). A children's defense budget: An analysis of the FY-1987: Federal budget and children. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Education of the Handicapped, 14(25), 1–3.
7.
Egbert, R. (1988). Education of three and four-year-olds. Unpublished manuscript, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Teachers College, Lincoln.
8.
Gerber, M., & Semmel, M. (1984). Teacher as imperfect test: Reconceptualizing the referral process. Educational Psychologist, 19, 137–148.
9.
Glass, G., & Smith, M.L. (1979). Meta-analysis of research on class size and achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 1(1), 2–15.
10.
Graden, J., Casey, A., & Bonstrom, O. (1985). Implementing a prereferral intervention system: Part II: The data. Exceptional Children, 51, 487–496.
11.
Hagerty, G.J., & Abramson, M. (1987). Impediments to implementing national policy change for mildly handicapped students. Exceptional Children, 53, 315–324.
12.
Hallahan, D., & Kauffman, J. (1988). Exceptional children (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
13.
Hodgkinson, H.L. (1985). All one system. Demographics of education—Kindergarten through graduate school. Washington, DC: Institute for Educational Leadership, Inc.
14.
Johnston, J.M. (1988). Voices from inside the black box: Teaching small classes and with full time aides. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education, New Orleans.
15.
Karweit, N. (1987a). Effective kindergarten programs and practices for students at risk (Report No. 21). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Elementary and Middle Schools.
16.
Karweit, N. (1987b). Effective preschool programs for children at risk (Report No. 21). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Elementary and Middle Schools.
17.
Kunisawa, B. (1988, January). A nation in crisis: The dropout dilemma. NEA Today, pp. 61–65.
18.
Lazar, I., Darlington, R., Murray, H., Royce, J., & Snipper, A. (1982). Lasting effects of early education. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 47(1-2, Serial No. 194).
19.
Levin, H.M. (1987). New schools for the disadvantaged. Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Mid-Continent Regional Educational Laboratory, Stanford, CA.
20.
McKey, R.H., Condelli, L., Ganson, H., Barrett, B.J., McConkey, C., & Plantz, M.C. (1985a). The impact of Head Start on children, families and communities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
21.
McKey, R.H., Condelli, L., Ganson, H., Barrett, B.J., McConkey, C., & Plantz, M.C. (1985b). The impact of Head Start on children, families and communities (Executive summary). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
22.
National Education Association. (1987). And justice for all: The NEA executive committee study group reports on ethnic minority concerns. Washington, DC: Author.
23.
Newman, F. (1986). New directions for research. Madison: University of Wisconsin, National Center on Effective Secondary Schools.
24.
Reynolds, M., & Lakin, K.C. (1987). Noncategorical special education for mildly handicapped students: A system for the future. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.
25.
Shepard, L.A. (1983). The role of measurement in educational policy: Lessons from the identification of learning disabilities. Educational Measurement Issues and Practice, 2(3), 4–8.
26.
Shepard, L.A. (1987). The new push for excellence: Widening the schism between regular and special education. Exceptional Children, 53, 327–329.
27.
Shepard, L.A., & Smith, M.C. (1983). An evaluation of the identification of learning disabled students in Colorado. Learning Disability Quarterly, 6, 115–127.
28.
Shinn, M.R., Tindal, G.A., Spira, D., & Marston, D. (1987). Practice of learning disabilities as social policy. Learning Disability Quarterly, 10, 17–28.
29.
Slavin, R., & Madden, N. (1987). Effective classroom programs for students at risk (Report No. 19). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, Center for Research on Elementary and Middle Schools.
30.
Staff. (1988, December 7). Special education costs hold steady: About twice as much as regular education. Education of the Handicapped, p. 1.
31.
U.S. Department of Education. (1985). Seventh annual report to Congress on the implementation of The Education of the Handicapped Act. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
32.
U.S. Department of Education. (1986). Eighth annual report to Congress on the implementation of The Education of the Handicapped Act. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
33.
Ysseldyke, J.E., Algozzine, B., Richey, L., & Graden, J. (1982). Declaring students eligible for learning disability services: Why bother with the data? Learning Disability Quarterly, 5(1), 37–43.
