In this paper, we explore the role of district leaders in implementing school reform, specifically year-round schooling. We examine the experiences of four Florida districts with particular emphasis on their social, political, and fiscal contexts. Successful innovation is promoted as leaders act in a humane and open fashion that specifically in cludes eschewing promises that cannot be fulfilled. We have found that creating wide spread support for the innovation, being flexible, and creating a climate for change and innovation are crucial. Ensuring equitable implementation of the reform and attending fairly to details of both contracts and programs are especially important.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlcornR. (1991). Evaluation of Test Scores as a Measure of Success of Year-Round Schools in the San Diego Unified School District, San Diego Unified School District
2.
AlkinM. (1983). Evaluation of the Year-Round Schools Program, Los Angeles, CA: LAUSD.ED 248291
3.
AllinderR. M., FuchsL. S., FuchsD., and HamlettC. L. (1992). “Effects of Summer Break on Math and Spelling Performance as a Function of Grade Level,” The Elementary School Journal, 92(4): 451–460
4.
AtwoodN. (1983). Integration Evaluation Reports: Appendix A—Year-Round School Sub-Studies, 1982–1983.Los Angeles, CA: Research and Evaluation Branch, LAUSD.ED246143
5.
BakerG. (1990). Parent Satisfaction with Year-Round and Traditional School Calendars in Conroe Independent School District, Unpublished Masters thesis, Sam Houston State University, TX. ED331137
6.
BarrettT., FerrettR. T., and BeatyC. L. (1992). Results of the Year-Round Edu cation Parent, Staff, and Student Surveys, Riverside, CA: Department of Educational Accountability, RUSD. ED 358562
7.
CarpenterS. (1977). A Survey of the Attitudes of Parents of North Carolina Pub lic Schools toward Extended School Year Programs, PhD dissertation, Duke University
8.
ChristieS. (1989). A Report on Opinion Surveys of Parents, Students, and Staff of Four Track Year-Round Schools in Cajon Valley, 1987–1988, Cajon Valley, CA: Cajon Valley Union School District. ED303888
9.
CooperH., NyeB., CharltonK., LindsayJ., and GreathouseS. (1996). “The Effects of Summer Vacation on Achievement Test Scores: A Narrative and Meta-Analytic Review,” Review of Educational Research, 66(3): 227–268
10.
Darling-HammondL. (1997). “Reframing the School Reform Agenda: Develop ing Capacity for School Transformation,” in ClinchyE. (ed.)., Transform ing Public Education, New York: Teachers College
11.
DeasonD. (1975). A Study of Teacher Attitudes in Secondary 45–15 Year-Round School Programs, PhD dissertation, U.S. International University
12.
DentonJ. J., and WalentaB. (1993). Cost Analysis of Year Round Schools: Variables and Algorithms, College of Education, Texas A&M University, ED358515
13.
DonatoR. (1996). “The Irony of Year-Round Schools: Mexican Migrant Resis tance in a California Community during the Civil Rights Era,” Educational Administration Quarterly, 32(2): 181–208
14.
FrenchD. A. (1992). California Administrative Burnout and Year-Round Schools, A Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Associa tion for Year-Round Education, ED347660
GandaraP., and FishJ. (1994). “Year-Round Schooling as an Avenue to Major Struc tural Reform,” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 16(1): 67–85
17.
GorenP., and CarriedoR. (1986). Policy Analysis on the Implementation of an Ex panded Multi-Track Year-Round School Program, San Diego, CA: Planning, Research and Evaluation Division, San Diego City Schools, ED282328
18.
GreenfieldT. A. (1994). “Year-Round Education: A Case for Change,” The Edu cational Forum, 58(2): 252–262
19.
GrotjohnD. K., and BanksK. (1993). An Evaluation Synthesis: Year-Round Schools and Achievement,’ Paper Presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, April
20.
HargreavesA., and FullanM. (1998). What's Worth Fighting for Out There?London: Teachers College Press
21.
HazletonJ. E., BlakelyC., and DentonJ. (1992). Cost Effectiveness of Alterna tive Year Schooling, Austin, TX: Educational Policy Center, The University of Texas at Austin. ED354629
22.
HermanJ. L. (1991). “Novel Approaches to Relieve Overcrowding: The Effects of Concept 6 Year-Round Schools,” Urban Education, 26(2): 195–213
23.
HoughD., ZykowskiJ. L., and DickJ. (1990). Cost-Effects Analysis of Year-Round Education Programs, A Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of AERA, Boston, MA, ED319771
24.
McDanielP. (1993). “Making It Happen: How to Handle the Politics of Year-Round Education,” The Year-Rounder, fall
25.
MerinoB. J. (1983). “The Impact of Year-Round Schooling—A Review,” Urban Education, 18(3): 298–316
26.
MorrowS. L., and SmithM. L. (1995). “Constructions of Survival and Coping by Women Who Have Survived Childhood Sexual Abuse,” The Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42: 24–33
27.
MurphyJ. (1992). “School Effectiveness and School Restructuring: Contribu tions to Educational Improvement,” School Effectiveness and School Im provement, 3(2): 90–109
28.
MutchlerS. E. (1993). “Year-Round Education,” SEDL Insights, 2–6, Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Lab. ED363966
29.
National Association for Year-Round Education. (1997). Twenty-Fourth Re ference Directory of Year-Round Education Programs for the 1997–1998 School Year, San Diego, CA: NAYRE
30.
PerryL. (1991). “Should We Have a New School Clock and A New School Calen dar?” Education Canada, 31(2): 8–15
31.
ShieldsC. M., and LaRocqueL. J. (1995). Literature Review on Year-Round Schooling (with an Annotated Bibliography), submitted to the ERIC Clear inghouse of Educational Resources for Review and Indexing, Sept. 1996, ED 027917
32.
ShieldsC. M., and ObergS. L. (1995). What Can We Learn from the Data? A Pre liminary Study of Schools with Different Calendars, A Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Studies in Education, Montreal
33.
ShieldsC. M., and LaRocqueL. J. (1997). “Reflections on Consultative Decision Making: Challenging Concepts of Best Practice in a Provincial Change Ini tiative,” The Canadian Administrator, 36(7): 1–8
34.
ShieldsC. M., and ObergS. L. (1997). “Exploring the Myths: A Comparison of Parents’ Attitudes to Traditional and Multi-Track Year-Round School Cal endars,” Journal of Educational Administration and Foundations, 2(2): 42–60
35.
ShieldsC. M., and ObergS. L. (1999). Promises and Pitfalls.Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc
36.
StiffD. (1986). “Year-Round School: Some Constraints to Consider,” Thrust for Educational Leadership, 1512–1517
37.
StodgillR. M. (1950). “Leadership, Membership, and Organization,” Psycho logical Bulletin, 47: 1–14
38.
ZykowskiJ. L., MitchellD. E., HoughD., and GavinS. E. (1991). A Review of Year-Round Education Research, Riverside, CA: California Education Re search Cooperative, ED330040
