This article examines the intersection of teacher unions, school reform and the No Child Left Behind Act. Specifically, this article highlights the legal challenges that school leaders are likely to experience as they attempt to implement No Child Left Behind Act's reconstitution mandates in failing schools, while not infringing on teachers’ legal rights. There is also a discussion of the discriminatory impact of NCLB reconstitution mandates on teachers of color and the legal and policy implications.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S. Ct. 2701 (1972).
2.
Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497, 74 S. Ct. 693 (1954).
3.
BracerasJ. C. (2002). Killing the messenger: The misuse of disparate impact theory to challenge high-stakes educational tests. Vanderbilt Law Review, 55, 1111–1203.
4.
Brock v. Roadway Express, 481 U.S. 252, 107 S. Ct. 174 (1987).
5.
Buchanan v. Little Rock School District of Pulaski County, Arkansas, 84 F.3d 1035 (1996).
6.
BurroughsN. (2008). Arguments and evidence: The debate over collective bargaining's role in public education. Education Policy Brief, 6(8), 1–20.
7.
CasellaR. (2001). Being down: Challenging violence in urban schools.New York: Teachers College Press.
8.
CluneW. H. (1993). The best path to systemic educational policy: Standard/centralized or differentiated/decentralized?Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 15(3), 233–254.
CrisafulliT. P. (2006). No educator left unscathed: How no child left behind threatens educators’ careers. Brigham Young Education and Law Journal, 2, 613–637.
DodsonM. E.III (2002). The impact of the minimum wage in West Virginia: A test of the low-wage area theory. Journal of Labor Research, 23, 25–40.
13.
Donahoo v. Board of Education, 109 N.E.2d 787 (Ill. 1952).
14.
DunbarC., & VillarruelF. A. (2002). Urban school leaders and the implementation of zero-tolerance policy: An examinations of its implications. Peabody Journal of Education, 77(1), 82–104.
15.
EdelmanL., UggenC., & ErlangerH. (1999). The endogeneity of legal regulation: Grievance procedures as rational myth. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 406–454.
16.
EssexN. (2000). Zero tolerance approach to school violence: Is going too far?American Secondary Education, 29, 37–40.
17.
EwichP., & SilbeyS. (1998). The common place of law: Stories from everyday life.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
18.
FlemingM. B. (2009). Morals clauses for educators in secondary and postsecondary schools: Legal applications and constitutional concerns. Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal, 1, 67–102.
19.
FullerM., & MitchellG. (2006). Collective bargaining: The harsh glare of state accountability issues. Education Next, 6(3), 26–34.
20.
GarthB., & SaratA. (1998). How does law matter?Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
21.
HassE., WilsonG., CobbC., & RallisS. (2005). One hundred percent proficiency: A mission impossible. Equity and Excellence, 38(3), 180–189.
HoxbyC. M. (1996). How teachers’ unions affect education production. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111(3), 671–718.
24.
ImberM., & Van GeelT. (2000). A teacher's guide to education law.Philadelphia: Erlbaum.
25.
JenningsJ. (2002). Stricter federal demands, bigger state role: What to expect from the no child left behind act. State Education Standard, 3(2), 24–28.
26.
JudsonE., SchwartzP., AllenK., & MielT. (2008). Rescuing distressed schools. American School Board Journal, 194(4), 42–43.
KimJ. S., & SundermanG. (2005). Measuring academic proficiency under the no child left behind act: Implications for educational equity. Educational Researcher, 34(8), 3–13.
29.
KlingnerD. E. (1993). Public sector collective bargaining. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 13(3), 19–28.
30.
KurthM. (1987). Teacher unions and excellence in education: An analysis of the decline in SAT scores. Journal of Labor Research, 8, 351–367.
31.
Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia, 427 U.S. 307, 96 S. Ct. 2562 (1976).
St. Louis Teacher Union, American Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO v. Board of Education of City of St. Louis, 652 F.Supp. 42 (1987).
53.
Thomas v. Smith, 897 F.2d 154 (5th Cir. 1989).
54.
TillmanL. (2004). The (un)intended consequences? The impact of Brown v. Board of Education decision on the employment status of Black educators. Education and Urban Society, 36, 280–303.
55.
TomlinsC. L. (1985). The state—the unions. Labor movement in labor relations, law, and the organized America, 1880-1960.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
56.
Van BerkumD. W., RichardsonM. D., & LaneK. E. (1994). Professional development in educational administration programs: Where does it exist? Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED376566)
57.
VedderR., & GallawayL. (2002). The minimum wage and poverty among full-time workers. Journal of Labor Research, 23, 41–49.
58.
VerdugoR. R. (2002). Race-ethnicity, social class, and tolerance. Education and Urban Society, 31(1), 50–75.
