This article aims at developing strategies for teaching gender as a central element in the business curriculum. The author explores various social, ethical, pedagogical, and performance reasons for studying gender at work, and he offers some strategies for inserting gender into the everyday business curriculum. The article also furnishes readers with a list of useful educational sources.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abella, J.R.S.
(1984). Equity in employment. A Royal Commission report. Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services Canada.
2.
Acker, J.
(1989). Doing comparable worth: Gender, class and pay equity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
3.
Acker, J.
(1992). Gendering organizational theory. In A. J. Mills & P. Tancred (Eds.), Gendering organizational analysis (pp. 248-260). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
4.
Acker, J.
, & van Houten, D. R. (1974). Differential recruitment and control: The sex structuring of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 9, 152-163.
5.
Agocs, C.
(1989, May). Walking on the glass ceiling: Tokenism in management. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association, Quebec City, Quebec.
6.
American Association of University Women
. (1992). How schools shortchange girls: The AAUW Report—A study of major findings. Washington, DC: AAUW Educational Foundation.
7.
Armstrong, P.
, & Armstrong, H. (1990). Theorizing women's work. Toronto: Garamond.
8.
Bannerji, H.
, Carty, L., Dehli, K., Heald, S., & McKenna, K. (Eds.). (1991). Unsettling relations: The university as a site of feminist struggle. Toronto: Women's Press.
9.
Beller, A. H.
(1984). Trends in occupational segregation by sex and race. In B. Reskin (Ed.), Sex segregation in the workplace: Trends, explanations, remedies. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
10.
Beller, A. H.
(1985). Changes in the sex composition of U.S. occupations, 1960-81. Journal of Human Resources, 20, 235-250.
11.
Benston, M. L.
(1988). Women's voices/men's voices: Technology as language. In C. Kramarae (Ed.), Technology and women's voices (pp. 15-28). New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
12.
Blum, L.
, & Smith, V. (1988). Women's mobility in the corporation: A critique of the the politics of optimism. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 13, 528-545.
13.
Borisoff, D.
, & Merrill, L. (1985). The power to communicate: Gender differences as barriers. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
14.
Bradshaw-Campball, P.
(1991, May). Canadian women on boards: Excellence in a box. Paper presented at the Current Canadian Research on Women in Management Conference, Winnipeg.
15.
Burrell, G.
(1992). Sex and organizational analysis. In A. J. Mills & P. Tancred (Eds.), Gendering organizational analysis (pp. 71-92). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
16.
Burrell, G.
, & Morgan, G. (1979). Sociological paradigms and organizational analysis. London: Heinemann.
17.
Calas, M. B.
, & Smircich, L. (1989, June). Voicing seduction to silence leadership. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Organizational Symbolism and Corporate Culture, Fountainbleau, France.
18.
Calas, M. B.
, & Smircich, L. (1992). Using the "F' word: Feminist theories and the social consequences of organizational research. In A. J. Mills & P. Tancred (Eds.), Gendering organizational analysis (pp. 222-234). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
19.
Caproni, P.
, & Fmley, J. A. (1994). When organizations do harm: Two cautionary tales. In P. Prasad, A. J. Mills, M. Elmes, & A. Prasad (Eds.), Managing the organizational melting pot: Dilemmas of workplace diversity (pp. 255-284). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
20.
Carty, L.
(1991). Black women in academia: A statement from the periphery. In H. Bannerji, L. Carty, K. Dehli, S. Heald, & K. McKenna (Eds.), Unsettling relations: The university as a site of feminist struggles (pp. 13-44). Toronto: Women's Press.
21.
Chiaramonte, P.
, & Mills, A. J. (1993). Counselling self reflection as an instrument in organizational learning. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 21, 145-155.
22.
Chodorow, N.
(1971). Being and doing: A cross-cultural examination of the socialization of males and females. In V. Gornick & B. Moran (Eds.), Women in sexist society (pp. 259-291). New York: Basic Books.
23.
Clegg, S.
(1981). Organization and control. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 532-545.
24.
Cockburn, C.
(1985). Machinery of dominance. London: Pluto.
25.
Cohn, S.
(1985) The process of occupational sex-typing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
26.
Collinson, D. L.
(1988). Engineering humour: Masculinity, joking and conflict in shopfloor relations. Organization Studies, 9, 181-199.
27.
Cox, M. G.
(1986). Enter the stranger: Unanticipated effects of communication on the success of an organizational newcomer. In L. Thayer (Ed.), Organization-communication: Emerging perspectives (pp. 34-50). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
28.
Cox, T.
(1994). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
29.
Cullen, D.
(1992, May). Sex and gender on the path to feminism and self-actualization. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, Quebec City, Quebec.
30.
Cuneo, C. J.
(1990). Pay equity: The labour-feminst challenge. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
31.
Dagg, A. I.
, & Thompson, P. J. (1988). MisEducation: Women and Canadian universities. Toronto: OISE Press.
32.
DiTomaso, N.
(1989). Sexuality in the workplace: Sexuality and harassment. In J. Hearn, D. L. Sheppard, P. Tancred-Sheriff, & G. Burrell (Eds.), The sexuality of organization (pp.71-90). London: Sage.
33.
Falkenberg, L.
, & Monachello. (1988). Dual-career and dual-income families: Do they have different needs? In W. Doyle (Ed.), Proceedings of Women in Management Research Symposium. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Mount Saint Vincent University.
34.
Featherstone, M.
(1991). The body in consumer culture. In M. Featherstone, M. Hepworth, & B. S. Turner (Eds.), The body: Social process and cultural theory (pp. 170-196). London: Sage.
35.
Feldberg, R. L.
, & Glenn, E. N. (1979). Male and female: Job versus gender models in the sociology of work. Social Problems, 26, 524-538.
36.
Ferguson, K. E.
(1984). The feminist case against bureaucracy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
37.
Ferraro, G. A.
(1984). Bridging the wage gap: Pay equity and job evaluations. American Psychologist, 39, 11-70.
38.
Freeman, S.J.M.
(1990) Managing lives: Corporate women and social change. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
39.
Gilligan, C.
(1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40.
Gutek, B. A.
(1985). Sex and the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
41.
Gutek, B.
, & Larwood, L. (Eds.). (1987). Women's career development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
42.
Hall, M.
(1989). Private experiences in the public domain: Lesbians in organizations. In J. Hearn, D. L. Sheppard, P. Tancred-Sheriff, & G. Burrell (Eds.), The sexuality of organization (pp. 125-138). London: Sage.
43.
Harriman, A.
(1985). Women/men, management. New York: Praeger.
44.
Hearn, J.
, & Parkin, P. W. (1987). "Sex" at "work": The power and paradox of organizational sexuality. Brighton, England: Wheatsheaf.
45.
Hearn, J.
, & Parkin, P. W. (1991). Women, men and leadership: A critical review of assumptions, practices and changes in the industrialized nations. In N. J. Adler & D. Izraeli (Eds.), Women in management worldwide (2nd ed., pp. 17-40). Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
46.
Hearn, J.
, Sheppard, D., Tancred-Sheriff, P., & Burrell, G. (Eds.). (1989). The sexuality of organization. London: Sage.
47.
Johns, G.
(1992). Organizational behaviour (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
48.
Kanter, R. M.
(1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
49.
Kanter, R. M.
(1979). Power failure in management circuits. Harvard Business Review, 57, 65-75.
50.
Kanter, R. M.
(1989). When giants learn to dance. London: Simon & Schuster.
51.
Karambayya, R.
(1994, May). Beyond exit: Exploring women's responses to work-family conflict. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, Women in Management Division, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
52.
Kramarae, C.
(Ed.). (1988). Technology and women's voices. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
53.
Livingstone, D. W.
, & Luxton, M. (1989). Gender consciousness at work: Modifications of the male breadwinner norm among steelworkers and their spouses. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 26, 240-275.
54.
Mainiero, L. A.
(1989). Office romance: Love, power and sex in the workplace. New York: Ranson Associates.
55.
Martin, J.
(1990, August). Rethinking Weber: A feminist search for alternatives to bureaucracy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, San Francisco.
56.
Martin, P. Y.
(1990). Rethinking feminist organizations. Gender & Society, 4, 182-206.
57.
Meissner, M.
(1986). The reproduction of women's domination. In L. Thayer (Ed.), Organization-communication: Emerging perspectives (pp. 51-67). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
58.
Mills, A. J.
(1988). Organization, gender and culture. Organization Studies, 9, 351-369.
59.
Mills, A. J.
(1994, May). Gendering organizational culture: From theory to analysis-Identifying discriminatory discourses in the making of British Airways. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, Business History Section, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
60.
Mills, A. J.
(1995). Strategy, sexuality and the stratosphere: Airlines and the gendering of organization. In E. S. Lyon & L. Morriss (Eds.), Gender relations in public and private: Changing research perspectives (pp. 77-94). London: Macmillan.
61.
Mills, A. J.
, & Chiaramonte, P. (1991). Organization as Gendered Communication Act. Canadian Journal of Communications, 16, 381-398.
62.
Mills, A. J.
, & Murgatroyd, S. J. (1991). Organizational rules: A framework for understanding organizations. Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press.
63.
Mills, A. J.
, & Simmons, T. (1995). Reading organization theory: A critical approach. Toronto: Garamond.
64.
Mills, A. J.
, & Tancred, P. (Eds.). (1992). Gendering organizational analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
65.
Morgan, G.
(1986). Images of organization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
66.
Morgan, G.
, & Knights, D. (1991). Gendering jobs: Corporate strategies, managerial control and dynamics of job segregation. Work Employment & Society, 5, 181-200.
67.
Morgan, N.
(1988). The equality game: Women in the Federal Public Service (1908-1987). Ottawa: Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women.
68.
Morrison, A.
, White, R., & Van Elsor, E. (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
69.
Ott, E. M.
(1989). Effects of the male-female ratio at work: Policewomen and male nurses. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 41-57.
70.
Ouchi, W.
(1990, Spring). Interview [with William Ouchi]. Selections, p. 38. (Graduate Management Admissions Council)
71.
Pearson, J. C.
(1985). Gender and communication. Dubuque, IA: William C Brown.
72.
Peitchinus, S. G.
(1989). Women at work. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
73.
Powell, G.
(1988). Women and men in management. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
74.
Quinn, R. E.
(1977). Coping with Cupid: The formation, impact and management of romantic relationships in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 30-45.
75.
Rakow, L. F.
(1986). Rethinking gender research in communication. Journal of Communication, 36, 11-24.
76.
Reskin, B.
(1984) Sex-segregation in the workplace: Trends, explorations, remedies. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
77.
Riley, P.
(1983). A structurationist account of political culture. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 414-437.
78.
Ruble, T. L.
, Cohen, R., & Ruble, D. N. (1984). Sex stereotypes: Occupational barriers for women. American Behavioral Scientist, 27, 339-356.
79.
Schein, V. E.
(1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics among female managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 89-105.
80.
Schein, V. E.
(1989). Sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics past, present and future (Working Paper NC 89-26). London, Ontario: National Centre for Management Research and Development.
81.
Schneider, B. E.
(1982). Consciousness about sexual harassment among heterosexual and lesbian women workers. Journal of Social Issues, 38(4), 75-98.
82.
Schneider, B. E.
(1984). The office affair: Myth and reality for heterosexual and lesbian women workers. Sociological Perspectives, 27, 443-464.
83.
Schroedel, J. R.
(1985). Alone in a crowd. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
84.
Skevington, S.
, & Baker, D. (Eds.). (1989). The social identity of women. London: Sage.
85.
Tancred-Sheriff, P.
(1987). Organizational tendencies of Canadian universities: Nature and implications (University of Saskatchewan Sorokin Lecture No. 18). Regina: University of Saskatchewan.
86.
Task Force on Sex-Role Stereotyping in the Broadcast Media
. (1982). Images of women. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Government Publishing Centre.
87.
Wetherall, M.
, Stiven, H., & Potter, J. (1987). Unequal egalitarianism: A preliminary study of discourses concerning gender and employment opportunities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 59-71.
88.
Winkler, C. M.
, & Dougherty, T. W. (1994, August). Spillover from family to work: The effect of family coping resources on the job stressor-job strain relationship. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, TX.
89.
Wolf, N.
(1991). The beauty myth. London: Vintage.
90.
Wolff, J.
(1977). Women in organizations. In S. Clegg & D. Dunkerley (Eds.), Critical issues in organizations (pp. 7-20). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
91.
Zimmer, L.
(1988). Tokenism and women in the workplace: The limits of gender-neutral theory. Social Problems, 35, 64-77.
