Reflection is an important yet often-neglected aspect of management performance. This article proposes that management educators take advantage of the contemplative classroom learning process by modeling and teaching reflective practice. A framework for conceptualizing reflective learning is presented. Reflection can result in deeper learning not only about the subject studied but also about the learner. Moreover, critical reflection can challenge embedded assumptions, beliefs, and values. A major focus of the study is sharing specific examples of how and when to add introspective practice throughout a management course. Concerns about the consequences of opening up one's classroom for reflective learning are also discussed.
Angelo, T.A., & Cross, K.P. (1995). Classroom assessment techniques: A handbook for college teachers (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
2.
Bennis, W.G., & O'Toole, J. (2005). How business schools lost their way. Harvard Business Review, 83(5), 96.
3.
Brookfield, S. (1994). Tales from the dark side: A phenomenography of adult critical reflection. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 13, 203-216.
4.
Brookfield, S. (1995). Becoming a critically reflective teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
5.
Calderhead, J. (1989). Reflective teaching and teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 5, 43-51.
6.
Cranton, P., & Carusetta, E. (2004). Perspectives on authenticity in teaching. Adult Higher Education, 55(1), 5-22.
7.
Cunliffe, A.L. (2002). Reflexive dialogical practice in management learning . Management Learning, 33(1), 35-61.
8.
Cunliffe, A.L. (2004). On becoming a critically reflexive practitioner . Journal of Management Education, 28, 407-426.
9.
Daudelin, M.W. (1996). Learning from experience through reflection. Organizational Dynamics, 24(3), 36-48.
10.
Davis, B.G. (1993). Tools for teaching. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
11.
Dewey, J. (1933). How we think. Lexington, MA : D. C. Heath.
12.
Dweck, C.S., & Leggett, E.L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
13.
Elbow, P. (1998). Writing without teachers. New York: Oxford University Press.
14.
Freire, P. (1985). The politics of education: Culture, power and liberation. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.
Habermas, J. (1971). Knowledge and human interests. Boston: Beacon.
17.
Kolb, D.A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
18.
Marsick, V.J. (1988). Learning in the workplace: The case for reflectivity and critical reflectivity. Adult Education Quarterly, 38, 187-198.
19.
Mingers, J. (2000). What is it to be critical? Teaching a critical approach to management undergraduates. Management Learning , 31, 219-237.
20.
Mintzberg, H. (2004). Managers, not MBAs: A hard look at the soft practice of managing and management development (1st ed.). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
21.
Neville, M.G. (2008). Using appreciative inquiry and dialogical learning to explore dominant paradigms. Journal of Management Education , 32, 100-117.
22.
Palmer, P.J. (1983). To know as we are known: A spirituality of education (1st ed.). San Francisco: Harper & Row.
23.
Pielstick, C.D. (2005). Teaching spiritual synchronicity in a business leadership class. Journal of Management Education, 29, 153-168.
24.
Raelin, J.A. (2001). Public reflection as the basis of learning. Management Learning, 32, 11-30.
25.
Ramsey, C. (2005). Narrative: From learning in reflection to learning in performance. Management Learning, 36, 219-235.
26.
Ramsey, V.J., & Fitzgibbons, D.E. (2005). Being in the classroom . Journal of Management Education, 29, 333.
27.
Reynolds, M. (1999). Critical reflection and management education: Rehabilitating less hierarchical approaches. Journal of Management Education, 23, 537-553.
28.
Schon, D.A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
29.
Schor, J. (1993). The overworked American: The unexpected decline of leisure. New York: Basic Books .
30.
Seibert, K.W., & Daudelin, M.W. (1999). The role of reflection in managerial learning: Theory, research, and practice. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
31.
Vaill, P.B. (1996). Learning as a way of being: Strategies for survival in a world of permanent white water (1st ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
32.
Van Manen, M. (1995). On the epistemology of reflective practice. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 1, 33-50.
33.
Van Manen, M. (2001). Researching lived experience. Ontario, CanadaAlthouse Press.
34.
Vince, R. (2002). Organizing reflection. Management Learning, 33, 63-78.
35.
Whetten, D.A. (2007). Principles of effective course design: What I wish I had known about learning-centered teaching 30 years ago. Journal of Management Education, 31, 339-357.
