In teaching and learning about leadership, instructors and students are faced with an extensive and, at times, very confusing body of literature that illustrates the complexity of the study, practice, and understanding of leadership. No single theory has been able to capture the essence of leadership and / or leadership dynamics. Students often become frustrated at the array and range of somewhat disparate and contradictory theories they encounter. Described within is an assignment that has been very successful in teaching students about leadership, situational analysis, and model and theory building. Moreover, this assignment has been one that students have found enjoyable and enlightening relative to enhancing their understanding of leadership dynamics in both their professional and personal lives.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ashour, A. S. (1973). The contingency model of leadership effectiveness: An evaluation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 9, 339-355.
2.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press.
3.
Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass and Stogdill's handbook of leadership theory, research, and managerial applications (3rd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
4.
Batten, J. D. (1989). Tough-minded leadership. New York: American Management Association.
5.
Belasco, J. A., & Stayer, R. C. (1993). Flight of the buffalo: Soaring to excellence, learning to let employees lead. New York: Warner Books.
6.
Bell, E. (1990). The bicultural life experiences of career-oriented Black women. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 1-59.
7.
Bennis, W. (2000). Managing the dream: Reflections on leadership and change. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.
8.
Blanchard, K., & Bowles, S. (1998). Gung ho! New York: William and Morrow.
9.
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (1997). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice and leadership (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
10.
Brannen, M. Y. (1995). Bicultural alienation in Japanese-owned companies: A preliminary study in scale development. Paper presented at the meeting of the Academy of International Management, Maui, HI.
11.
Bryman, A. (1992). Charisma & leadership in organizations. London: Sage.
12.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
13.
Caproni, P. J., & Arias, M. E. (1997). Managerial skills training from a critical perspective. Journal of Management Education, 21(3), 292-308.
14.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. A. (1987). Towards a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 12, 637-647.
15.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. A. (1988). Behavioral dimensions of charismatic leadership. In J. A. Conger & R. N. Kanungo (Eds.), Charismatic leadership: The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness (pp. 78-97). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
16.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. A. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations (2nd ed.). New York: Jossey-Bass.
17.
DuPree, M. (1997). Leading without power. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
18.
Erez, M., & Zidon, I. (1984). Effect of goal acceptance on the relationship between goal difficulty and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 69-78.
19.
Fiedler, F. E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
20.
Fiedler, F. E. (1971). Validation and extension of the contingency model of leadership effectiveness: A review of empirical findings. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 128-148.
21.
Gardner, J. (1990). On leadership. New York: The Free Press.
22.
Gibb, C. A. (1947). The principles and traits of leadership. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 42, 267-284.
23.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
24.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1998). The power of servant leadership. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
25.
Halpin, A. W., & Winer, B. J. (1957). A factorial study of the leader behavior descriptions. In R. M. Stogdill & A. E. Coons (Eds.), Leader behavior: Its description and measurement (pp. 39-51). Columbus: Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research.
26.
Hemphill, J. K., & Coons, A. E. (1957). Development of the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire. In R. M. Stogdill & A. E. Coons (Eds.), Leader behavior: Its description and measurement (pp. 6-38). Columbus: Ohio State University, Bureau of Business Research.
27.
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1969). Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
28.
Hogan, R. T., Raskin, R., & Fazzini, D. (1990). The dark side of leadership. In K. E. Clark & M. B. Clark (Eds.), Measures of leadership (pp. 343-354). West Orange, NJ: Leadership Library of America.
29.
House, R. J. (1971). A path goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 321-338.
30.
House, R. J. (1977). A theory of charismatic leadership. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Larson (Eds.), Leadership: The cutting edge (pp. 189-207). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
31.
House, R. J., & Howell, J. M. (1992). Personality and charismatic leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 3, 81-108.
32.
House, R. J., & Podsakoff, P. M. (1994). Leadership effectiveness: Past perspectives and future direction for research. In J. Greenberg (Ed.), Organizational behavior: The state of the science (pp. 45-82). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
33.
House, R. J., Spangler, D. W., & Woycke, J. (1991). Personality and charisma in the U.S. presidency: A psychological theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 364-396.
34.
Howell, J. M. (1988). Two faces of charisma: Socialized and personalized leadership in organizations. In J. A. Conger & R. N. Kanungo (Eds.), Charismatic leadership: The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness (pp. 213-236). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
35.
Jago, A. G. (1982). Leadership: Perspectives in theory and research. Management Science, 28, 315-336.
36.
Jenkins, W. O. (1947). A review of leadership studies with particular reference to military problems. Psychological Bulletin, 44, 54-79.
37.
Kahn, R. L., & Katz, D. (1953). Leadership practices in relation to productivity and morale. In D. Cartwright & A. Zander (Eds.), Group dynamics (pp. 554-571). New York: Harper & Row.
38.
Katz, D., Maccoby, N., & Morse, N. (1950). Productivity, supervision, and morale among rail-road workers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Survey Research Center.
39.
Keller, R. T. (1989). A test of the path-goal theory of leadership with need for clarity as a moderator in research and development organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 208-212.
40.
Kotter, J. P. (1988). The leadership factor. New York: The Free Press.
41.
Kotter, J. P. (1990). What leaders really do. Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 103-111.
42.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (1993). Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
43.
Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-263.
44.
Nanus, B. (1992). Visionary leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
45.
Pillai, R., & Meindl, J. R. (1991). The effects of a crisis on the emergence of charismatic leadership: A laboratory study. Best Paper Proceedings: Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Miami.
46.
Prasad, A., & Prasad, P. (1993). Reconceptualizing alienation in management inquiry: Critical organizational scholarship and workplace empowerment. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2, 169-183.
47.
Rost, J. (1991). Leadership for the twenty-first century. Westport, CT: Praeger.
48.
Sashkin, M. (1988). The visionary leader. In J. A. Conger & R. N. Kanungo (Eds.), Charismatic leadership: The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness (pp. 122-160). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
49.
Schriesheim, C. A., & Kerr, S. (1977a). R. I. P. LPC: A response to Fiedler. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Larson (Eds.), Leadership: The cutting edge (pp. 51-56). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
50.
Schriesheim, C. A., & Kerr, S. (1977b). Theories and measures of leadership. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Larson (Eds.), Leadership: The cutting edge (pp. 9-45). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
51.
Schriesheim, C. A., & von Glinow, M. A. (1977). Tests of the path-goal theory of leadership: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 20, 398-405.
52.
Shriberg, A., Shriberg, D. L., & Lloyd, C. (2002). Practicing leadership: Principles and applications (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
53.
Stinson, J. E., & Johnson, T. W. (1975). A path-goal theory of leadership: A partial test and suggested refinements. Academy of Management Journal, 18, 242-252.
54.
Stogdill, R. M. (1948). Personal factors associated with leadership: A survey of the literature. Journal of Psychology, 25, 35-71.
55.
Stogdill, R. M. (1950). Leadership, membership and organization. Psychological Bulletin, 47, 1-14.
56.
Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research. New York: The Free Press.
57.
Vecchio, R. P. (1977). An empirical examination of the validity of Fiedler's model of leadership effectiveness. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 19, 180-206.
58.
Vecchio, R. P. (1983). Assessing the validity of Fiedler's contingency model of leadership effectiveness: A closer look at Strube and Garcia. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 404-408.
59.
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
60.
Vroom, V. H., & Yago, A. G. (1988). The new leadership. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
61.
Wagner, J. A., III, & Hollenbeck, J. R. (1992). Management of organizational behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
62.
Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of Management, 15, 251-289.
