Researchers have been calling for more empirical studies with which to build
theory and improve practice in business and technical communication. Al
though quantitative empirical research abounds, qualitative studies are rare.
This article explains how qualitative research can benefit the profession and
uses ethnography as an extended example of how such research is conducted
and written. Examples ofgood qualitative studies are discussed in the text and
listed in the references, as are other sources of information on qualitative re
search.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Agar, MichaelH. Independents Declared: The Dilemmas of Independent Trucking. Washington, DC: Smithsonian, 1986.
2.
. The Professional Stranger: An Informal Introduction to Ethnography. Orlando: Academic Press, 1980.
3.
Allen, Nancy, Diane Atkinson, Margaret Morgan, Teresa Moore, and Craig Snow. "What Experienced Collaborators Say about Collaborative Writing." JTBC1.2 (1987): 70-90.
4.
Anderson, Paul V. "What Survey Research Tells Us." Writing in Nonacademic Settings. Ed. Lee Odell and Dixie Goswami.New York: Guilford, 1985. 3-83.
5.
Anderson, Paul V., R. John Brockmann, and Carolyn R. Miller, eds. New Essays in Technical and Scientific Communication: Research, Theory, and Practice. Farmington: Baywood, 1983.
6.
Basso, Keith H. "The Ethnography of Writing." Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking. Ed. Richard Bauman and Joel Sherzer.Cambridge : Cambridge UP, 1974. 425-51.
7.
Broadhead, Glenn J, and Richard C. Freed .The Variables of Composition: Process and Product in a Business Setting. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1986.
8.
Brown, Robert L., Jr., and Carl G. Herndl . "An Ethnographic Study of Corporate Writing: Job Status as Reflected in Written Text." Functional Approaches to Writing: Research Perspectives. Ed. Barbara Couture.Norwood: Ablex, 1986. 11-28.
Cochran, Daniel S., and Janet A. Dolan. "Qualitative Research: An Alternative to Quantitative Research in Communication." The Journal of Business Communication21.4 ( 1984): 25-32.
11.
Couture, Barbara.Functional Approaches to Writing: Research Perspectives. Norwood: Ablex, 1986.
12.
Dieli, Mary. "Designing Successful Documents: An Investigation of Document Evaluation Methods." Diss. Carnegie-Mellon, 1986 .
13.
Doheny-Farina, Stephen.Letters to the author. 25 Nov. 1986 and 8 Feb. 1987.
14.
. " Writing in an Emergent Business Organization: An Ethnographic Study." Diss. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1984.
15.
. " Writing in an Emerging Organization." Written Communication3.2 ( 1986): 158-85.
16.
Doheny-Farina, Stephen, and Lee Odell. "Ethnographic Research on Writing: Assumptions and Methodology ." Writing in Nonacademic Settings. Ed. Lee Odell and Dixie Goswami.New York: Guilford:1985. 503-35.
17.
Erickson, Frederick. "What Makes School Ethnography Ethnographic?" Anthropology Education Quarterly4.2 (1973): 10-19.
18.
Ewing, David P. "Needed Research in Business Writing." TeachingBusiness Writing: Approaches, Plans, Pedagogy, Research. Ed. Jeanne W. Halpern. Urbana : ABC, 1983. 183-99.
19.
Faigley, Lester, and Thomas Miller. " What We Learn From Writing on the Job." College English44.6 ( 1982): 557-69.
20.
Freed, Richard C., and Glenn J.Broadhead. "Discourse Communities, Sacred Texts, and Institutional Norms." College Composition and Communication38.2 (1987): 154-65.
21.
Geertz, Clifford. "Blurred Genres: The Refiguration of Social Thought." Local Knowledge. Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books, 1981. 19-35.
22.
. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
23.
Gieselman, Robert D. "Research in Business Communication: The State of the Art." The Journal of Business Communication17.4 (1980): 3-18.
24.
Goetz, Judith P., and Margaret D.LeCompte. Ethnography and Qualitative Design in Educational Research. Orlando: Academic Press, 1984. 109-19.
25.
Hagge, John. "Business Communication: The Orphaned Discipline. An Historical Review of Business Communication Teachers' Perceptions of Their Field's Place in the College Curriculum" Paper. The International Association of Business Communication Convention. Los Angeles, 13 Nov. 1987.
26.
Halpern, Jeanne W. "Confessions of an Ethnographer of Composition." Paper. The Conference on College Composition and Communication. Atlanta, 20 Mar. 1987.
27.
. " An Electronic Odyssey." Writing in Nonacademic Settings. Ed. Lee Odell and Dixie Goswami.New York: Guilford, 1985. 157-201.
28.
Halpern, Jeanne W., and Sarah Liggett.Computers & Composing: How the New Technologies Are Changing Writing. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1984.
29.
Hammersley, Martyn, and Paul Atkinson.Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London and New York: Tavistock , 1983.
30.
Heath, Shirley Brice.Ways with Words. Language, Life, and Work in Communities and Classrooms. New York: Oxford UP, 1983.
31.
Herrington, Anne J. "Writing in Academic Settings: A Study of the Contexts for Writing in Two College Chemical Engineering Courses." Research in the Teaching of English19.4 (1985): 331-61.
32.
. " Writing in Academic Settings: A Study of the Rhetorical Contexts for Writing in Two College Chemical Engineering Courses" Diss. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1984.
33.
Hymes, D. "The Ethnography of Speaking." Anthropology and Human Behavior. Ed. Thomas Gladwin and William C. Sturtevant. Washington, DC : Anthropological Society of Washington, 1962. 13-53.
34.
. " Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life" Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication. Ed. John Joseph Gumperz and Dell Hymes.New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1972. 35-71.
35.
Jick, Todd. "Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action ." Qualitative Methodology. Ed. John Van Maanen. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1983. 135-48.
36.
Kanter, Rosabeth.Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books, 1977.
37.
Kantor, Kenneth J. "Classroom Contexts and the Development of Writing Intuitions: An Ethnographic Case Study." New Directions in Composition Research. Ed. Richard Beech and Lillian Bridwell.New York: Guilford, 1984. 72-94.
38.
Kaufman, Herbert.The Forest Ranger: A Study in Administrative Behavior. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1963 .
39.
Knoblauch, C.H. "Intentionality in the Writing Process: A Case Study." College Composition and Communication31.2 (1980): 153-59.
40.
Kuhn, Thomas S. TheStructure of scientific Revolutions. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1970.
41.
Lewis, Phillip V. "ABCA Research Respectability and Credibility." The Journal of Business Communication20.4 (1983): 6-12.
42.
Locker, Kitty O. "'As Per Your Request': A History of Business Jargon." JBTC1.1 (1987): 27-47.
43.
. " 'Sir, This Will Never Do': Model Dunning Letters, 1592-1873." The Journal of Business Communication22.2 (1985): 39-45.
44.
Lutz, Jean A. "A Study of Revising and Editing at the Terminal." IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication27.2 (1984): 73-77.
45.
Mead, Margaret.Coming of Age in Samoa. New York: Morrow, 1922.
46.
Merton, Robert. "Insiders and Outsiders: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge." The American Journal of Sociology78.1 (1972): 9-47.
47.
Miles, Matthew B., and A. Michael Huberman .Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984.
48.
Moran, Michael G., and Debra Journet, eds. Research in Technical Communication. Westport: Greenwood, 1985.
49.
Moran, Michael G., and Mary G. Moran. "Business Letters, Memoranda, and Résumés." Research in Technical Communication. Ed. Michael G. Moran and Debra Journet.Westport: Greenwood, 1985. 313-49.
50.
Munter,. Mary. "Management Communication at the Graduate Level: Trends and Concerns ." Paper. The International Association of Business Communication Convention. Los Angeles, 14 Nov. 1986 .
51.
Murray, Denise."Composition as Conversation: The Computer as a Medium of Communication." Writing in Nonacademic Settings. Ed. Lee Odell and Dixie Goswami.New York: Guilford, 1985. 203-27.
52.
. " Conversation for Action: The Computer Terminal as Medium of Communication ." Diss. Stanford University, 1985.
53.
Odell, Lee, and Dixie Goswami. " Writing in a Nonacademic Setting." Research in the Teaching of English16.3 (1982): 201-23.
54.
, eds. Writing in Nonacademic Settings. New York: Guilford, 1985.
55.
Odell, Lee, Dixie Goswami, and Ann Herrington. "The Discourse-Based Interview: A Procedure for Exploring Tacit Knowledge of Writers in NonAcademic Settings." Research on Writing: Principles and Methods. Eds. Peter Mosenthal, Lynn Tamor, and Sean A. Walmsley. New York: Longman, 1983. 220-36.
56.
Parades, J. Anthony "'Any Comments on the Sociology Section, Tony?' Committee Work as Applied Anthropology in Fishery Management." Human Organization44.2 ( 1985): 177-82.
57.
Paradis, James, David Dobrin, and Richard Miller. "Writing at Exxon ITD: Notes on the Writing Environment of an R&D Organization." Writing in Nonacademic Settings . Ed. Lee Odell and Dixie Goswami.New York: Guilford , 1985. 281-307.
58.
Rivers, William E. "Qualifications English Departments Prefer for New Teachers of Business and Technical Writing: Is it Time to Reassess Our Degree Programs?" JBTC1.1 (1987): 89-99.
59.
Saville-Troike, Muriel.The Ethnography of Communication: An IntroductionNew York : Blackwell, 1982.
60.
Selzer, Jack. "Sources for Teachers of Technical Writing." Technical Communication31.4 (1984): 39-44.
61.
. " The Composing Process of An Engineer" College Composition and Communication34.2 (1983): 178-87.
62.
Smeltzer, Larry. "An Analysis of Receivers' Reactions to Electronically Mediated Communication ." The Journal of Business Communication23.4 (1986): 37-54.
63.
Smith, John K. "Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research: An Attempt to Clarify the Issue." Educational Researcher12.3 (1983): 6-13.
64.
Spradley, James P. TheEthnographic InterviewNew York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979.
65.
Spradley, James P., and Roberta J. Mann .The Cocktail Waitress: Woman's Work in a Man's World. New York: Wiley, 1974.
66.
Stevenson, Dwight. "Evaluating Technical Communication Faculty: Some Empirically-Based Criteria and Guidelines." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication16.1/2 (1986): 9-32.
67.
Sullivan, Patricia A. "Rhetoric and the Search for Externally Stored Knowledge: Toward a Computer-Age Art of Research." Diss. Carnegie-Mellon, 1986.
68.
Trice, Harrison. M., and Janice M. Beyer . "Studying Organizational Cultures Through Rites and Ceremonials." Academy of Management Review9.4 (1984): 653-69.
69.
Van Maanen, John.Tales from the Field: Writing Ethnography. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1988.
70.
. " Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography." Presentation . Stanford U, 18 Feb. 1987, and Purdue U, 21 Oct. 1987.
71.
Van Maanen, John, James M. Dabbs, Jr., and Robert R. Faulkner.Varieties of Qualitative Research. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982.
72.
Whyte, William F. "On the Evolution of Street Corner Society." Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1955. 279-358.
73.
Wilson, Stephen. "The Use of Ethnographic Techniques in Educational Research." Review of Educational Research47.2 (1977): 279-85.
74.
Wittrock, Merlin C.Handbook of Research on Teaching. 3rd. ed. New York: Macmillan, 1986.
75.
Wong, Irene. "New Lenses for Examining Conference Talk." Presentation. Phases of Qualitative Research Conference. Stanford U, 2 June 1987.
76.
Yates, Joanne. "Graphs as a Managerial Tool: A Case Study." The Journal of Business Communication22.1 (1985): 5-29.
77.
Yin, RobertK. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Applied Social Research Methods Series 15. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984.