Goldberg R, Mor V, Wiemann M, et al.: Analgesic use in terminal cancer patients: Report from the National Hospice Study. J Chron Dis. 1986; 39: 37-45.
2.
Morris J, Mor V, Goldberg R, et al.: The effect of treatment setting and patient characteristics on pain in terminal cancer patients: A report from the National Hospice Study. J Chron Dis. 1986; 39: 27-35.
3.
Morita T, Ichiki T, Tsunoda J, et al.: A prospective study on the dying process in terminally ill cancer patients. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care. 1998; 15: 217-222.
4.
Coyle N, Adelhardt J, Foley KM, et al.: Character of terminal illness in the advanced cancer patient: Pain and other symptoms during the last four weeks of life. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1990; 5: 83-93.
5.
Litton WB, Leonard JR: Aspiration after partial laryngectomy: Cineradiographic studies. Laryngoscope. 1969; 79: 887-908.
6.
Lazarus CL, Logemann JA, et al.: Swallowing disorders in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Laryngoscope. 1996; 106: 1157-1160.
7.
Logemann J: Evaluation and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders. San Diego: College Hill, 1983: 173-180.
8.
Sessions D, Zill R, Schwartz S: Deglutition after conservation surgery for cancer of the larynx and pharynx. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1979; 87: 173-180.
9.
Forbes K: Palliative care in patients with cancer of the head and neck. Clin Otolaryngol. 1997; 22: 117-122.
Jones R, Hale E, Talomsin L, et al.: Kapanol capsules: Pellet formulation provides alternative methods of administration of sustained-release morphine sulfate. Clin Drug Invest. 1996; 12: 88-93.
12.
Jacox A, Carr DB, Payne R, et al.: Management of Cancer Pain. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 9. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1994.
13.
Tolep K, Leonard Getch C, Criner G: Swallowing dysfunction in patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation. Chest. 1996; 109: 167-172.
14.
Management of Cancer Pain. AHCPR Publication No. 94-0592. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy Research, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1994.
15.
Cherny NI, Portenoy RK: Practical Issues in the Management of Cancer Pain. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1994: 1437-1467.
16.
Broomhead A, West R, Kadirgamanathan G, et al.: Comparative bioavailability of sustained-release morphine sulfate capsules versus pellets. Clin Drug Invest. 1997; 14: 137-145.
17.
Sawe J, Dahlstrom B, Paazlow L, et al.: Morphine kinetics in cancer patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981; 30: 629-635.
18.
Chapman C, Hill H, Saeger L, et al.: Profiles of opioid analgesia in humans after intravenous bolus administration: Alfentanil, fentanyl and morphine compared on experimental pain. Pain. 1990; 43: 47-55.
19.
Inturrisi CE, Portenoy RK, Max MB, et al.: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of methadone infusions in patients with cancer pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1990; 47: 565-577.
20.
American Pain Society: Principles of Analgesic Use in the Treatment of Acute Pain and Chronic Cancer Pain: A Concise Guide to Medical Practice. Skokie, IL: American Pain Society, 1992.
21.
Swanson G, Smith J, Bulich R, et al.: Patient-controlled analgesia for chronic cancer pain in the ambulatory setting: A report of 117 patients. J Clin Oncol. 1989; 7: 1903-1908.
22.
Twycross R, Lack S: Symptom Control in Far-Advanced Cancer: Pain Relief. London: Pitman, 1984.
23.
Coyle N, Mauskop A, Maggard J: Continuous subcutaneous infusions of opiates in cancer patients with pain. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1986; 13: 53-57.
24.
Bruera E, Brenneis C, Michaud M, et al.: Patient-controlled subcutaneous hydromorphone versus continuous subcutaneous infusion for the treatment of cancer pain. J Nat Cancer Inst. 1988; 80: 1152-1154.
25.
Bruera E, Macmillan K, Selmer P, et al.: Decreased local toxicity with subcutaneous diamorphine (heroin): A preliminary report. Pain. 1990; 43: 91-94.
26.
Storey P, Hill HH, St. Louis RH, et al.: Subcutaneous infusions for control of cancer symptoms. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1990; 5: 33-41.
27.
Moulin DE, Kreeft JH, Murray-Parsons N, et al.: Comparison of continuous subcutaneous and intravenous hydromorphone infusions for management of cancer pain. Lancet. 1991; 337: 465-468.
28.
Moulin DE, Johnson NG, Murray-Parsons N, et al.: Subcutaneous narcotic infusions for cancer pain: Treatment outcome and guidelines for use. CMAJ. 1992; 146: 891-897.
29.
Levy M: Pharmacologic management of cancer pain. Semin Oncol. 1994; 21: 718-739.
Levy MH: Pharmacologic treatment of cancer pain. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996; 335: 1124-1132.
32.
Paix A, Coleman A, Lees J, et al.: Subcutaneous fentanyl and sufentanil infusion substitution for morphine intolerance in cancer pain management. Pain. 1995; 63: 263-269.
33.
Bruera E, Fainsinger R, Moore M, et al.: Local toxicity with subcutaneous methadone: Experiences in two centers. Pain. 1991; 45: 141-145.
34.
Bruera E, Brenneis C, Michaud M, et al.: Use of the subcutaneous route for the administration of narcotics in patients with cancer pain. Pain. 1988; 62: 407-411.
35.
Conroy J, Harvey S: Management of cancer pain. South Med J. 1996; 89: 744-760.
Caplan R, Ready L, Oden R, et al.: Transdermal fentanyl for postoperative pain management: A double-blind placebo study. JAMA. 1989; 261: 1036-1039.
42.
De Conno F, Ripamonti C, Saita L, et al.: Role of rectal route in treating cancer pain: A randomized crossover clinical trial of oral versus rectal morphine administration in opioid-naive cancer patients with pain. J Clin Oncol. 1995; 13: 1004-1008.
43.
McCaffery M, Martin L, Ferrel B: Analgesic administration via rectum or stoma. ET Nurs. 1992; 19: 114-121.
44.
Tuttle C: Drug management of pain in cancer patients. CMAJ. 1985; 132: 121-134.
45.
Kaiko R, Healy N, Par J, et al.: The comparative bioavailability of MS Contin tablets (controlled release oral morphine) following rectal and oral administration. Royal Soc Med Int Congr Symp Ser. 1989; 149: 235-241.
46.
Expert Working Group of the European Association for Palliative Care: Morphine in cancer pain: Modes of administration. BMJ. 1996; 312: 823-826.
47.
Christee J, Summonds M, Dalt R, et al.: Dose titration, multicenter study of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for the treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients using transdermal fentanyl for persistent pain. J Clin Oncol. 1998; 16: 3238-3245.
