Pain in the elderly hospice patient

Projections of the Population of the United States: 1977 to 2050. Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 704. Washington, DC, US Bureau of the Census, 1977.

Ferrell BA , Ferrell BR , Osterweil D : Pain in the nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1990;38:409-414.

Roy R : A psychosocial perspective on chronic pain and depression in the elderly. Soc Work Health Care. 1986;12:27-36.

Ferrell BA , Ferrell BR , Rivera L : Pain in cognitively impaired nursing home patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1995;10:591-598.

Cleeland CS , Gonin R , Hatfield AK , et al : Pain and Its Treatment in Outpatients with Metastatic Cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:592-596.

Desbiens NA , Wu AW , Broste SK , et al : Pain and Satisfaction With Pain Control in Seriously Ill Hospitalized Adults: Findings From the SUPPORT Research Investigations. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:1953-1961.

Desbiens NA , Mueller-Rizner N , Connors AF , et al : Pain in the Oldest-Old During Hospitalization and Up to One Year Later. JAGS. 1997;45:1167-1172.

Brattberg G , Mats T , Anders W : The prevalence of pain in a general population: The results of a postal survey in a county of Sweden. Pain. 1989;37:215-222.

Stein WM , Ferrel A: Pain in the Nursing Home. Clin Geri Med. 1996;12(3): 601-613.

US Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service : Clinical Practice Guideline No. 9. Management of Cancer Pain. AHCPR. 1997; March: 127.

Ferrel BA : Pain Management in Elderly People. JAGS. 1991;39:64-73.

Schumaccher GA , Goodell H , Hardy JD , et al : Uniformity of the pain threshold in man. Science. 1940;92:110-112.

Birren JE , Shapiro HB , Miller JH : Influence of salicylate upon pain sensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1950;100:76-81.

Sherman DE , Robillard E : Sensitivity to pain in the elderly. Canadian Med Assoc J. 1960;83:944-947.

Mumford JM : Pain perception threshold and adaptation of normal human teeth. Arch Oral Biol. 1965;10:957-968.

Collins G , Stone LA : Pain sensitivity, age and activity level in chronic schizophrenics and in normals. Brit J Psychiatry. 1965;112:33-35.

Clark WC , Mehl L : Thermal pain: A sensory decision theory analysis of the effect of age and sex on various response criteria, and 50% pain threshold. J Abnor Psychol. 1971;78:202-212.

Woodrow KM , Friedman GD , Siegelaub MS , et al : Pain tolerance: Differences according to age, sex and race. Psychosom Med. 1972;34(6): 548-556.

Harkins SW , Chapman CR : The perception of induced dental pain in young and elderly women. J Geronto. 1977;32:428-435.

Tucker MA , Andrew MF , Ogle SJ , et al : Age associated change in pain threshold measured by transcutaneous neuronal electrical stimulation. Aging. 1989;18:241-246.

Gloth FM : Concerns with Chronic Analgesic Therapy in Elderly Patients. Am J Med. 1996;101(suppl 1A): 19S-24S.

Forman WB : Opioid analgesic Drugs in the Elderly. Cl Geri Med. 1996;12(3): 489-499.

Cockfroft DW , Gault MH : Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephrol. 1976;16:31.

Clinical Pharmacology . In: The Merck Manual of Geriatrics. 2nd ed. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, Merck & Co., Inc, 1995; 260-262.

Urba SG : Nonpharmacologic Pain Management in Terminal Care. Clin Geri Med. 1996;12(2): 301-311.

Egbert AM : Postoperative Pain Management in the Frail Elderly. Clin Geri Med. 1996;12(3): 583-599.

Johanson AG , Day RO : The problems and pitfalls of NSAID therapy in the elderly, part 1. Drugs Aging. 1991;2:130.

Fries JF , Williams CA , Bloch DA , et al : Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Associated Gastropathy: Incidence and Risk Factors Model. Am J Med. 1991;91:213-222.

Levy MH : Pharmacologic Treatment of Cancer Pain. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1124-1132.

Desmeules J , Gascon M-P , Dayer P , et al : Impact of environmental and genetic factors on codeine analgesia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;41:23-26.

Marcantonio ER , Juarez G , Goldman L , et al : The Relationship of Postoperative Delirium with Psychoactive Medications. JAMA. 1994;272:1518-1522.

Foley KM : Pain Management in the Elderly. Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. 3rd ed. Minneapolis, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994; 317-331

AGS Panel on Chronic Pain in Older Persons . The Management of Chronic Pain in Older Persons. JAGS. 1998;46:635-651.

Postgraduate Medicine : A Special Report. Treatment of Agitation in Older Persons with Dementia. Minneapolis, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1998; 21-22.