1. Snow H: Opium and cocaine in the treatment of cancerous disease. Br Med J1896;2: 718-719
2.
2. Twycross RG: A comparison of diarnorphine with cocaine and methadone. Br J Clin Pharmacol1977;4;691-693
3.
3. Breecher HK, Keats AS, Mostelkler F, Lasagna L: The effectiveness of oral analgesics (morphine, codeine acetylsalicylic acid) and the problem of placebo "reactors" and "nonreactors". J Pharmacol1953;109: 393-400
4.
4. Houde RN, Wallenstein SL, Beaver WT: Clinical measurement of pain. In de Stevens G (ed.) Analgetics, Academic Press, New York, 1965:75-122
5.
5. Brunk SF, Delle M: Morphine metabolism in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther1974:16:51-57.
6.
6. Descartes, R: L'homme, translated by M. Foster, Lectures on the History of Physiology during the 16th, 17th and 18th Centuries. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1901
7.
7. Mersky H: Pain terms: A list with definitions and notes on usage, IASP Subcommittee on Taxonomy. Pain1979;6:249-252
8.
8. NIH Consensus Development Conference: The integrated approach to the management of pain. J Pain Sypmt Manag1987:2:35-44
9.
9. Lipman AG: Newer findings in the pharmacology of opioid analgesics. Contemp Surg 1988 (Suppl): in press
10.
10. Lipman AG: Drug therapy in cancer pain. Cancer Nurs1980;2:39-46
11.
11. Hare BD: The opioid analgesics: Rational selection of agents for acute and chronic pain. Hosp Formul1987;22:64-83
12.
12. Moertel CG, Ahmann DL, Taylor WF, Schwartau N: A comparative evaluation of marketed analgesic drugs. New Engl J Med1972;286:814-815
13.
13. Moertel CG, Ahmann DL, Taylor WF, Schwartau N: Relief of pain by oral medications. JAMA1974;229:55-59
14.
14. Kjaer M, Henriksen H, Knudsen J: A comparative study of intramuscular buprenorphine and morphine in the treatment of chronic pain of malignant origin. Br J Clin Pharmac1982;13:487-492
15.
15. Kaiko RF, Foley KM, Grabinski PY, Heidrich G, Rogers AG, Inturissi CE, Reidenberg MM: Central nervous system excitatory effects of meperidine in cancer patients. Ann Neurol1983;13:180-185
16.
16. Brescia FJ, Walsh Sr M, Savarese NI, Kaiko RF: A study of controlled-release morphine (MS Contin) in an advanced cancer hospital. J Pain Symp Manag1987;2:193-198
18. Twycross RG: Relief of pain. in Saunders CM (editor), The Management of Terminal Disease, Edward Arnold, London, England, 1978:65-92
19.
19. Neumann PB, Henriksen H, Grosman N, Christensen CB: Plasma morphine concentrations during chronic oral administration in patients with cancer pain. Pain1982; 13:247-252
20.
20. Sawe J, Svensson JO, Rane A: Morphine metabolism in cancer patients on increasing oral dosesno evidence for autoinduction or dose dependence. Br J Clin Pharmacol1983; 16: 85-93
21.
21. Sawe J, Kager L, Eng J, Svensson JO, Rane A: Morphine in cancer patients: Comparison of in vivo kinetics and in vitro hepatic glucuronidation. Br J Clin Pharmacol1985; 19:495-501
22.
22. Dahlstrom B, Tamsen A, Paazlow L, Hartvig P: Patient controlled analgesic therapy. IV. Pharmacokinetics and analgesic plasma concentrations of morphine. Clin Pharmacokinetics1982;7:266-279
23.
23. Sawe J, Dahlstrom B, Paazlow L, Rane A: Morphine ldnetics in cancer patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther1981; 30: 629-635
24.
24. Sawe J, Hansen J, Ginman C, Hartvig P, Jakobsson PA, Nilsson MIet al: Patient-controlled dose regimen of methadone for chronic cancer pain. Br Med J1981; 282: 771-779
25.
25. Kaiko RF: Age andmorphine analgesia in cancer patients with postoperative pain. Clin Pharamacol Therap1980;28:823-826
26.
26. Berkowitz BA, Ngai SH, Yang JC, Hempstead J, Spector S.The disposition of morphine in surgical patients. Clin Pharm Therap1975;17:629-635
27.
27. Owen JA, Sitar DS., Berger L, Brownwell L, Duke PC, Mitensk PA: Age related morphine kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther1983; 34:364-368
28.
28. Lipman AG: Drug therapy in terminally ill patients. Am J Hosp Pharm1975;32:270-276
29.
29. Hansen J, Ginman C, Hartvig P, Jakobsson A, Nilsson MI, Rane Aet al: Clinical evaluation of oral methadone in treatment of cancer pain. Acta Anaesth Scand1982;(Suppl 74):124-127
30.
30. White PF: use of patient-controlled analgesia for the treatment of acute pain. JAMA1988;259:242-247
31.
31. Klieman RL, Lipman AG, Hare BD, MacDonald SD: A comparison of morphine administered by patient-controlled analgesia and regularly scheduled intramuscular injection in severe, postoperative pain. J Pain Sympt Manag1988;3:15-22
32.
32. Findler G, Olshwang D, Hadani, M: Continuous epidural morphine treatment for intractable pain in terminal cancer patients. Pain1982;14:311-315
33.
33. Greenberg HS, Taren J, Ensminger WD, Doan K: Benefit from and tolerance to continuous intrathecal infusion of morphine for intractable cancer pain. J. Neurosurgery1982;57:360-364
34.
34. Leavans ME, Hill CS, Cech DA, Weyland JB, Weston JS: Intrathecal and intraventricular morphine for pain in cancer patients: Initial study. J Neurosurg1982;56: 241-245
35.
35. Coombs DW, Saunders RL, Gaylor MS, Block AR, Harbaugh R et al: Relief of continuous chronic pain by intraspinal narcotics via an implanted reservoir. JAMA1983;250, 2336-2339
36.
36. Porter J, Jick H: Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics. New Eng J Med (letter)1980;302:123-123
37.
37. Twycross RG: Clinical experience with diamorphine in advanced malignant disease. Int J Clin Pharmacol1974;9:184-198
38.
38.Twycross RG, Lack SA: Symptom control in far advanced cancer: Pain Relief. Pitman, London, England, 1983
39.
39. Walsh TD: Oral morphine in chronic cancer pain. Pain1984;8:1-11
40.
40. Twycross RG, Fairfield S: Pain in far-advanced cancer. Pain1982;14:303-310
41.
41. Liebeskind JC, Melzack R: The Intemational Pain Foundation: Meeting a need for education in pain management. Pain (editorial)1987;30:1-2
