Given successes in treating HIV/AIDS, there are increasing numbers of sexually active HIV-positive people. Although there is a current public health emphasis on testing interventions to reduce HIV transmission by people who know they are HIV positive, understanding how people enact decisions to disclose their HIV seropositivity is needed. HIV Disclosure Decision Making in Sexual Situations, a grounded theory based on interviews with 15 HIV-positive gay men, hypothesizes and interprets a two-part process wherein HIV-positive gay men form personal disclosure policies that they contextualize to various dating and sexual situations. In this article, the author depicts the second part of the grounded theory with its five interlocking components of the process of enacting HIV disclosure in sexual situations.
Bingman, C.R., Marks, G., & Crepaz, N. (2001). Attributions about one's HIV infection and unsafe sex in seropositive men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior , 5(3), 283-289.
2.
Branson, B.M., Handsfield, H.H., Lampe, M.A., Janssen, R.S., Taylor, A.W., Lyss, S.B., et al. (2006). Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 55(RR-14), 1-17.
3.
Carlson, R.G., Siegal, H.A., & Falck, R.S. (1995). Qualitative research methods in drug abuse and AIDS prevention research: An overview. In E. Y. Lambert, R. S. Ashery & R. H. Needle (Eds.), Qualitative methods in drug abuse and HIV research (NIDA Research Monograph 157, pp. 6-26). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ( 2003). Advancing HIV prevention: New strategies for a changing epidemic— 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 52, 329-332.
5.
Chirban, J.T. (1996). Interviewing in depth: The interactive-relational approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage .
6.
Clement, U., & Schonnesson, L.N. (1998). Subjective HIV attribution theories, coping and psychological functioning among homosexual men with HIV . AIDS Care, 10(3), 355-363.
7.
Fontana, A., & Frey, J.H. (1994). Interviewing: The art of science. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 361-376). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
8.
Gasiorowicz, M., Llanas, M., DiFranceisco, W., Benotsch, E., Brondino, M., Catz, S., et al. (2005). Reductions in transmission risk behaviors in HIV-positive clients receiving prevention case management services: Findings from a community demonstration project. AIDS Education and Prevention, 17(1 Suppl. A), 40-52.
9.
Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis: Emergence vs. forcing. Mill Valley, CA: Sociological Press.
10.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.
11.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall .
12.
Gorbach, P.M., Galea, J.T., Amani, B., Shin, A., Celum, C., Kerndt, P., et al. (2004). Don't ask, don't tell: Patterns of HIV disclosure among HIV positive men who have sex with men with recent STI practising high risk behaviour in Los Angeles and Seattle. Sexually Transmitted Infections,80(6), 512-517.
13.
Ingram, G. B., Bouthillette, A.-M., & Retter, Y. (Eds.). (1997). Queers in space: Communities, public places, sites of resistance. Seattle, WA: Bay Press.
14.
Kalichman, S.C. (2005). Positive prevention: Reducing HIV transmission among people living with HIV/AIDS. New York: Kluwer.
15.
Kalichman, S.C., Rompa, D., Cage, M., DiFonzo, K., Simpson, D., Austin, J., et al. (2001). Effectiveness of an intervention to reduce HIV transmission risks in HIV-positive people. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21, 84-92.
16.
Kok, G. ( 1999). Targeted prevention for people with HIV/AIDS: Feasible and desirable?Patient Education and Counseling,36, 239-246.
17.
Margolin, A., Avants, S.K., Warburton, L.A., Hawkins, K.A., & Shi, J. (2003). A randomized clinical trial of a manual-guided risk reduction intervention for HIV-positive injection drug users. Health Psychology, 22, 223-228.
18.
Marks, G., Richardson, J.L., Crepaz, N., Stoyanoff, S., Milam, J., Kemper, C., et al. (2002). Are HIV care providers talking with patients about safer sex and disclosure?: A multi-clinic assessment. AIDS, 16(14), 1953-1957.
19.
Marks, G., Richardson, J.L., & Maldonado, N. (1991). Self-disclosure of HIV infection to sexual partners . American Journal of Public Health, 81(10), 1321-1323.
20.
Marks, G., Ruiz, M.S., Richardson, J.L., Reed, D., Mason, H.R., Sotelo, M., et al. (1994). Anal intercourse and disclosure of HIV infection among seropositive gay and bisexual men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 7(8), 866-869.
21.
Merton, R.K., Fiske, M., & Kendall, P.L. (1990). The focused interview: A manual of problems and procedures (2nd ed.). New York : Free Press.
22.
Mitchell, C.G., & Linsk, N.L. (2001). Prevention for positives: Challenges and opportunities for integrating prevention into HIV case management. AIDS Education and Prevention, 13, 393-402.
23.
MSM HIV/STD Prevention Task Force. (2003). A community manifesto: A new response to HIV and STDs. Retrieved July 10, 2007, from http://www.metrokc.gov/health/apu/taskforce/manifesto.htm
24.
O'Brien, M.E., Richardson-Alston, G., Ayoub, M., Magnus, M., Peterman, T.A., & Kissinger, P. (2003). Prevalence and correlates of HIV serostatus disclosure . Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 30(9), 731-735.
25.
Palmer, N.B. (2004). “Let's talk about sex, baby”: Community-based HIV prevention work and the problem of sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33, 271-275.
26.
Perry, S.W., Card, C.A., Moffatt, M., Ashman, T., Fishman, B., & Jacobsberg, L.B. (1994). Self-disclosure of HIV infection to sexual partners after repeated counseling. AIDS Education and Prevention, 6(5), 403-411.
27.
Purcell, D.W., DeGroff, A.S., & Wolitski, R.J. (1998). HIV prevention case management: Current practice and future directions. Health and Social Work, 23(4), 282-289.
28.
Rosser, B.R.S., Gobby, J.M., & Carr, W.P. (1999). The unsafe sexual behavior of persons living with HIV/AIDS: An empirical approach to developing new HIV prevention interventions targeting HIV-positive persons. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 24, 18-28.
29.
Rutledge, S.E. (2002). Contextualizing HIV-positive serostatus disclosure by gay men to their sexual partners (Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 3006.
30.
Ryan, R., Fisher, D., Peppert, J., & Lampinen, T. (1999, August). Pilot results of a brief intervention to reduce high-risk sex among HIV seropositive gay and bisexual men. Paper presented at the National HIV Prevention Conference, Atlanta, GA.
31.
Saleebey, D. (Ed.). (2002). The strengths perspective in social work practice (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon .
32.
Schnell, D.J., Higgins, D.L., Wilson, R.M., Goldbaum, G., Cohn, D.L., & Wolitski, R.J. (1992). Men's disclosure of HIV test results to male primary sex partners. American Journal of Public Health, 82(12), 1675-1676.
33.
Schwandt, T.A. (1994). Constructivist, interpretivist approaches to human inquiry. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 118-137). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
34.
Semple, S.J., Patterson, T.L., & Grant, I. (2000). Partner type and sexual risk behavior among HIV positive gay and bisexual men: Social cognitive correlates. AIDS Education and Prevention, 12(4), 340-356.
35.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36.
Wolitski, R.J., Janssen, R.S., Onorato, I.M., Purcell, D.W., & Crepaz, N. (2005). An overview of prevention with people living with HIV. In S. C. Kalichman (Ed.), Positive prevention: Reducing HIV transmission among people living with HIV/AIDS (pp. 1-28). New York: Kluwer.
37.
Wolitski, R.J., Rietmeijer, C.A.M., Goldbaum, G.M., & Wilson, R.M. (1998). HIV serostatus disclosure among gay and bisexual men in four American cities: General patterns and relation to sexual practices . AIDS Care, 10(5), 599-610.
