To examine the effects on anxiety of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) among youth with anxiety disorders.
Method:
Systematic review and meta-analytic procedures were employed to synthesize experimental and quasi-experimental studies authored between 1980 and 2015.
Results:
The search yielded five studies from five countries reporting results for a total of 188 youth between the ages of 5 and 18 (mean age 13.26) who met criteria for an anxiety disorder. Risk of bias varied across studies. Meta-analytic results suggest a moderate and significant effect (g = .62; 95% confidence interval = [0.20, 1.04], p = .004). Heterogeneity was moderate (I2= 47.22) and not statistically significant (Q = 7.58, df = 4, p = .11), thus moderator analyses were not warranted.
Discussion:
The findings of this review suggest that MBIs for the treatment of anxiety in youth with anxiety disorders are effective.
BaerR. A. (2014). Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
3.
BarrettP. M.DuffyA. L.DaddsM. R.RapeeR. M. (2001). Cognitive–behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children: Long-term (6-year) follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 135–141. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.1.135
4.
BishopS. R.LauM.ShapiroS.CarlsonL.AndersonN. D.CarmodyJ.…DevinsG. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 230–241. doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077
5.
BluettE. J.HomanK. J.MorrisonK. L.LevinM. E.TwohigM. P. (2014). Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders: An empirical review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 612–624. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.008
BrendelK. E.MaynardB. R. (2014). Child–parent interventions for childhood anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, 24, 287–295. doi:10.1177/1049731513503713
8.
BurkeC. (2010). Mindfulness-based approaches with children and adolescents: A preliminary review of current research in an emergent field. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 19, 133–144. doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9282-x
9.
ButlerA. C.ChapmanJ. E.FormanE. M.BeckA. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 17–31.
CardN. A. (2012). Applied meta-analysis for social science research. New York, NY: Guilford.
12.
*CataniC.KohiladevyM.RufM.SchauerE.ElbertT.NeunerF. (2009). Treating children traumatized by war and tsunami: A comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in North-East Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry, 9, 22. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-9-22
13.
*ChanP. T. (2015). Children with generalized anxiety disorder: Developing a mindfulness intervention. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 76(3-B, E).
14.
ChaviraD. A.SteinM. B.BaileyK.SteinM. T. (2004). Child anxiety in primary care: Prevalent but untreated. Depression & Anxiety (1091-4269), 20, 155–164. doi:10.1002/da.20039
15.
ChiesaA.SerrettiA. (2011). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 187, 441–453. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.011
16.
CraskeM. G. (1997). Fear and anxiety in children and adolescents. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61, A4–A36.
17.
CraskeM. G.RauchS. L.UrsanoR.PrenoveauJ.PineD. S.ZinbargR. E. (2009). What is an anxiety disorder?Depression and Anxiety, 26, 1066–1085.
18.
EvansS.FerrandoS.FindlerM.StowellC.SmartC.HaglinD. (2008). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 716–721. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.005
19.
GalanteJ.IribarrenS. J.PearceP. F. (2013). Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Research in Nursing, 18, 133–155. doi:10.1177/1744987112466087
20.
*GordonJ. S.StaplesJ. K.BlytaA.BytyqiM.WilsonA. T. (2008). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in postwar Kosovar adolescents using mind-body skills groups: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69, 1469–1476. doi:10.4088/JCP.v69n0915
21.
GrossmanP.NiemannL.SchmidtS.WalachH. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 35–43. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7
22.
*HaydickyJ.WienerJ.BadaliP.MilliganK.DucharmeJ. M. (2012). Evaluation of a mindfulness-based intervention for adolescents with learning disabilities and co-occurring ADHD and anxiety. Mindfulness, 3, 151–164. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0089-2
23.
HayesS. C.GrecoL. A. (2008). Acceptance & mindfulness treatments for children & adolescents: A practitioner’s guide. Oakland, Calif: New Harbinger Publications.
24.
HigginsJ. P. T.AltmanD. G.GøtzscheP. C.JüniP.MoherD.OxmanA. D.…SterneJ. A. C. (2011). The Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. British Medical Journal, 343, d5928. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928
25.
HigginsJ. P. T.ThompsonS. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21, 1539–1558.
26.
HofmannS. G.SawyerA. T.WittA. A.OhD. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169–183.
27.
HunsleyJ.ElliottK.TherrienZ., (2014). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatments for mood, anxiety, and related disorders. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 55, 161–176. doi:10.1037/a0036933
28.
In-AlbonT.SchneiderS. (2006). Psychotherapy of childhood anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 76, 15–24.
29.
JamesA. C. (2014). Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004690.pub4
30.
Kabat-ZinnJ. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33–47.
31.
Kabat-ZinnJ. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York, NY: Delacorte.
32.
KendallP. C.SaffordS.Flannery-SchroederE.WebbA. (2004). Child anxiety treatment: Outcomes in adolescence and impact on substance use and depression at 7.4 year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 276–287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.276
33.
KhouryB.LecomteT.FortinG.MasseM.TherienP.BouchardV.…HofmannS. G. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 763–771. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.005
34.
KristellerJ.WoleverR., (2014). Mindfulness-based eating awareness training: Treatment of overeating and obesity. In BaerR. A. (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications (2nd ed., pp. 95–118). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416031-6.00005-0
ManzoniG. M.PagniniF.CastelnuovoG.MolinariE. (2008). Relaxation training for anxiety: A ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 841. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-41
37.
MaynardB. R.WilsonA. N.LabuzienskiL.WhitingS. W. (2015). Mindfulness-based approaches in the treatment of disordered gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research on Social Work Practice. doi: 10.1177/1049731515606977
38.
MerikangasK. R.HeJ.BursteinM.SwansonS. A.AvenevoliS.CuiL.SwendsenJ. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication-adolescent supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989.
39.
MoherD.LiberatiA.TetzlaffJ.AltmanD. G., & The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6, e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
PietJ.WurtzenH.ZachariaeR. (2012). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on symptoms of anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients and survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 1007–1020.
42.
PigottT. D. (2012). Advances in meta-analysis. New York, NY: Springer.
43.
RapeeR. M.SchnieringC. A.HudsonJ. L. (2009). Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: Origins and treatment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 311–341.
44.
RoemerL.OrsilloS., M. (2002). Expanding our conceptualization of and treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: Integrating mindfulness/acceptance-based approaches with existing cognitive-behavioral models. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 9, 54–68.
45.
SalloumA.SulkowskiM.SirrineE.StorchE. (2009). Overcoming barriers to using empirically supported therapies to treat childhood anxiety disorders in social work practice. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 26, 259–273. doi:10.1007/s10560-009-0173-1
46.
SilvermanW.PinaA.ViswesvaranC. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 105–130. doi:10.1080/1537441070181790
47.
SwainJ.HancockK.DixonA.KooS.BowmanJ. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxious children and adolescents: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 14, 1–12. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-140
48.
*SwainJ.HancockK.HainsworthC.BowmanJ. (2015). Mechanisms of change: Exploratory outcomes from a randomised controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy for anxious adolescents. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4, 56–67.
49.
TeasdaleJ. D.SegalZ. V.WilliamsJ. G.RidgewayV. A.SoulsbyJ. M.LauM. A. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615–623. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.615
50.
ThompsonM.Gauntlett-GilbertJ. (2008). Mindfulness with children and adolescents: Effective clinical application. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13, 395–407. doi:10.1177/1359104508090603
51.
ValentineJ. C.PigottT. D.RothsteinH. (2010). How many studies do you need? A primer on statistical analysis for meta-analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 35, 215–247.
52.
VøllestadJ.NielsenM. B.NielsenG. H. (2012). Mindfulness- and acceptance-based interventions for anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 239–260. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2011.02024.
53.
WehryA. M.Beesdo-BaumK.HennellyM. M.ConnollyS. D.StrawnJ. R. (2015). Assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17, 52. doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0591-z
54.
WitkiewitzK.WarnerK.SullyB.BarricksA.StaufferC.ThompsonB. L.LuomaJ. B. (2014). Randomized trial comparing mindfulness-based relapse prevention with relapse prevention for women offenders at a residential addiction treatment center. Substance Use & Misuse, 49, 536–546.
55.
ZoogmanS.GoldbergS. B.HoytW. T.MillerL. (2015). Mindfulness interventions with youth: A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 6, 290–302. doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0260-4
