This article refers sympathetically to the thoughtful debates and positions in the Research on Social Work Practice (RSWP; Special Issue, July, 2008 issue) on “What Works? Modernizing the Knowledge-Base of Social Work.” It highlights the need for empirical efficacy and effectiveness research in social work and appreciates empirical rigor demanded by leading proponents of an evidence-based social work practice. Yet it argues that these high standards of evolution are based on a methodological conceptualization of impact, which might be less than appropriate for social work. We propose a refashioning of efficacy and effectiveness research in social work that focuses on explaining and understanding of causal mechanism. We suggest a second generation of evidence-based practice, which is substantiated in the concept of reflexive professionalism.
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