American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
2.
BelskyJ.van IJzendoornM. V. (2017). Genetic differential susceptibility to the effects of parenting. Current Opinion in Psychology, 15, 125–130.
3.
BishopD. V. M.SnowlingM. J.ThompsonP. A.GreenhalghT. & CATALISE consortium. (2016). CATALISE: A Multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study. Identifying language impairments in children. PLoS ONE, 11(12), e0168066. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158753
4.
CosterW.CicchettiD. (1993). Research on the communicative development of maltreated children: Clinical implications. Topics in Language Disorders, 13(4), 25–38.
5.
De NellisM. C.SizkA. (2014). The biological effects of childhood trauma. Child and. Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 185–222.
6.
FelittiV. J.AndaR. F. (2010). The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to adult medical disease, psychiatric disorders and sexual behavior: Implications for healthcare. In LaniumR. A.VermettenE.PainC. (Eds.), The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic (pp. 77–87). New York, NY: Cambridge.
7.
FelittiV. J.AndaR. F.NordenbergD.WilliamsonD. F.SpitzA. M.EdwardsV.. . . MarksJ. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 14, 245–258.
8.
HansonJ. L.ChungM. K.AvantsB. B.ShirtcliffE. A.GeeJ. C.DavidsonR. J.PollakS. D. (2010). Early stress is associated with alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex: A tensor-based morphometry investigation of brain structure and behavioral risk. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 7466–7472.
9.
McCroryE.De BritoS. A.VidingE. (2010). Research review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 1079–1095.
10.
McLaughlinK. A.SheridanM. A.LambertH. K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Review, 47, 578–591.
11.
National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2010). Early experiences can alter gene expression and affect long-term development (Working Paper No. 10). Retrieved from http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu
12.
RoyP.ChiatS. (2013). Teasing apart disadvantage from disorder: The case of poor language. In MarshallC. R. (Ed.), Current issues in developmental disorders (pp. 125–150). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
13.
SiegelD. (2015). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape ho we are. New York, NY: Guilford.
14.
Van der KolkB. A. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric Annals, 35, 401–408.