Taking a social psychological perspective, the capacity for prejudice-reduction simulations to change prejudicial attitudes is examined using theoretical insights from social cognition and intergroup literatures. Ethical issues are considered by drawing on small group research, and it is argued that, at present anyway, the risks to participants may well outweigh any presumed benefits of simulation.
Ajzen, I.
, & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2.
Bell, D.
(1975). Simulation games: Three research paradigms. Simulation & Games, 6(3), 271-288.
3.
Bogardus, E. S.
(1959). Social distance. Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch Press.
4.
Bronfenbrenner, U.
(1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5.
Brown, R.
(1988). Group processes: Dynamics within and between groups. Oxford: Blackwell.
6.
Bymes, D. H.
, & Kiger, G. (1988). Contemporary measures of attitudes toward Blacks. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48, 107-118.
7.
Byrnes, D. H.
, & Kiger, G. (1990). The effect of a prejudice-reduction simulation on attitude change. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20(4), 341-356.
8.
Byrnes, D. H.
, & Kiger, G. (1992). Prejudice-reduction simulations: Ethics, evaluations, and theory into practice. Simulation & Gaming, 23, 457-471.
9.
Fiske, S. T.
, & Taylor, S. E. (1984). Social cognition. New York: Random House.
10.
Galanis, C.M.B.
, & Jones, E. E. (1986). When stigma confronts stigma: Some conditions enhancing a victim's tolerance of other victims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12(2), 169-177.
11.
Hamilton, D. L.
(1979). A cognitive-attributional analysis of stereotyping. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 12). New York: Academic Press.
12.
Hamilton, D. L.
, & Trolier, T. K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
13.
Hewstone, M.
(1989). Changing stereotypes with disconfirming information. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions. New York: Springer Verlag.
14.
Hewstone, M.
, & Brown, R. (Eds.). (1986). Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
15.
Hewstone, M.
, & Ward, C. (1985). Ethnocentrism and causal attribution in Southeast Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(3), 614-623.
16.
Hogg, M.
, & Abrams, D. (1988). Social identification: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. New York: Routledge.
17.
Hogg, M.
, Tuner, J. C, Nascimento-Schulze, C., & Sprigp, D. (1986). Social categorization, intergroup behavior and self-esteem: Two experiments. Revista de Psicologia Social, 1, 23-37.
18.
Katz, I.
, & Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(6), 893-905.
19.
Kinder, D. R.
, & Sears, D. O. (1981). Symbolic racism vs. threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(3), 57-64.
20.
Lakin, M.
(1976). 'he Human Relations training laboratory: A special case of the experiential group. In M. Rosenbaum & A. Snadowsky (Eds.), The intensive group experience. New York: Free Press.
21.
L.akin, M.
(1988). Ethical issues in the psychotherapies. New York: Oxford University Press.
22.
Lewin, K.
(1948). Resolving social conflicts. New York: Harper.
23.
McConahay, J. B.
(1983). Modem racism and discrimination: The effects of race, racial attitudes, and context on simulated hiring decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(4), 551-558.
24.
Mummendy, A.
, & Schreiber, H. J. (1983). Better or just different? Positive social identity by discrimination against or by differentiation from outgroups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13(4), 389-398.
25.
Nairn, R. G.
, & McCreanor, T. N. (1990). Insensitivity and hypersensitivity: An imbalance in Pakeha accounts of racial conflict. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 9(4), 293-309.
26.
Nisbett, R. E.
, & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
27.
Noesjirwan, J.
, & Bruin, K. (1986). Culture, prejudice and simulation/Gaming theory and practice. In D. Crookall & D. Saunders (Eds.), Communication and simulation. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
28.
Peters, W.
(1971). A class divided. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
29.
Pettigrew, T. F.
(1986). The intergroup contact hypothesis reconsidered. In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters. Oxford: Blackwell.
30.
Ross, L.
(1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10). New York: Academic Press.
31.
Snyder, M.
(1984). When belief creates reality. In L Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 18). New York: Academic Press.
32.
Shaw, M. E.
(1981). Intergroup dynamics: The psychology of small group behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
33.
Stephan, W. G.
, & Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 157-175.
34.
Tajfel, H.
(Ed.). (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.
35.
Tajfel, H.
(1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-39.
36.
van Dijk, T. A.
(1987). Communicating racism: Ethnic prejudice in thought and talk. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
