Verne was five minutes early for this session... he was able to keep eye contact when the discussion was about others. He looked down or toward the wall when the conversation was brought back to him He demonstrated his uneasiness by his switching from side to side in his chair, first crossing his legs one way and then another; his hands wrestled with each other as usual.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Argyle, M. and J. Dean (1965) "Eye-contact, distance and affiliation." Sociometry28: 289-304.
2.
Bandura, A. and F.J. McDonald (1963) "Influence of social reinforcement and the behavior of models in shaping children's moral judgments." J. of Abnormal and Social Psychology67: 274-281.
3.
Barker, L. and N. Collins (1970) "Non-verbal and kinesic research," in P. Emmert and W. Brooks (eds.) Methods of Research in Communication. Boston : Houghton Mifflin.
4.
Birdwhistell, R.L. (1970) Kinesics and Context. Philadelphia : Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.
5.
Borden, G. (1965) "Current developments in communication research ." J. of Communication15: 110-117.
6.
Carnes, R. and F. Robinson (1948) "The role of client talk in the counseling interview ." Educational and Psychological Measurement8: 635-644.
7.
Colwell, W. (1968) "The improvement of listening skills of counselor trainees." Ph.D. dissertation. Arizona State University .
8.
Cook, J.J. (1964) "Silence in psychotherapy." J. of Counseling Psychology11: 42-46.
9.
Delaney, O. (1968) "Sensitization to non-verbal communications." Counselor Education and Supervision7: 315-316.
10.
--- ( 1966) "Study of the effectiveness of sensitivity training of the perceptions of non-verbal communications in counselor education." Ph.D. dissertation. Arizona State University.
11.
Dinges, N.G. and E.R. Oetting (1972) "Interaction distance anxiety in the counseling dyad." J. of Counseling Psychology19: 146-149.
12.
Dittman, A.T. (1962) "The relationship between body movements and moods in interviews." J. of Consulting Psychology26: 480.
13.
--- and L.G. Lewellyn (1968) "Relationship between vocalizations and head nods as listener responses." J. of Personality and Social Psychology9: 79-84.
14.
Dittman, A., M. Parloff, and D. Boomer (1965) "Facial and bodily expressions: a study of receptivity of emotional cues." Psychiatry28: 239-244.
15.
Duncan, S., Jr. (1969) "Nonverbal communication." Psych. Bull.72, 2: 118-137.
16.
Ekman, P. (1964) "Body position, facial expression and verbal behavior during interviews." J. of Abnormal and Social Psychology68, 3: 295-301.
17.
--- and W.V. Friesen (1968) "Non-verbal behavior in psychotherapy research ," in Volume 3 of J. Schlien (ed.) Research in Psychotherapy. Washington: American Psychological Association.
18.
--- ( 1967) "Head and body cues in the judgment of emotion: a reformation ." Perceptual and Motor Skills24: 711-724.
19.
--- and T.J. Taussig (1967) "VID-R and SCAN: tool and methods for the automated analysis of visual records." Presented at the National Conference on Content Analysis, the Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
20.
Ellsworth, P.C. and J. Carlsmith (1968) "Effects of eye contact and verbal content on affective response to a dyadic interaction." J. of Personality and Social Psychology10, 1: 15-20.
21.
Exline, R., D. Gray, and O. Schutte (1965) "Visual behavior in a dyad as affected by interview content and sex respondent." J. of Personality and Social Psychology1: 201-209.
22.
Fretz, B.R. (1966) "Postural movements in a counseling dyad." J. of Counseling Psychology13: 335-343.
23.
Goldberg, G.N., C.A. Kiesler, and B.E. Collins (1969) "Visual behavior and face-to-face distance during interaction." Sociometry32: 43-52.
24.
Greenspoon, J. (1955) "The reinforcing effect of two spoken sounds on the frequency of two responses." Amer. J. of Psychology68: 409-416.
25.
Gunther, B. (1967) Sense Relaxation. New York: Macmillan.
26.
Haase, R.F. (1970) "The relationship of sex and instructional set for the regulation of interpersonal interaction distance in a counseling dialogue ." J. of Counseling Psychology17: 233-236.
27.
--- and D.J. D ( 1970) "Proxemic behavior: counselor, administrator, and client preference for seating arrangement in dyadic interaction." J. of Counseling Psychology17, 4: 319-325.
28.
Hall, E.T. (1966) The Hidden Dimension. New York : Doubleday.
29.
Hertweck, R. (1966) "Semantic differential ratings of counselor non-verbal and verbal communication." Ph.D. dissertation. Arizona State University.
30.
Kendon, A. (1967) "Some functions of gaze-direction in social interaction ." Acta Psychologica26: 22-63.
31.
Krumboltz, J., B. Varenhorst, and C. Thoresen (1967) "Nonverbal factors in the effectiveness of models in counseling." J. of Counseling Psychology14: 412-418.
32.
Lauver, P.J., J.D. Kelley, and T.C. Froehle (1971) "Client reaction time and counselor verbal behavior in an interview setting." J. of Counseling Psychology18: 26-30.
33.
Lewis, H.R. and H.S. Streitfeld (1971) Growth Games. New York: Harcourt-Brace-Jovanovich.
34.
Mahl, G.F. (1968) "Gesture and body movements in interviews," in Volume 3 of J. Schlien (ed.) Research in Psychotherapy. Washington : American Psychological Association.
35.
Mehrabian, A. (1969) "Significance of posture and position in the communication of attitude and status relationships." Psych. Bull.71, 5: 359-372.
36.
--- ( 1968) "Relationships of attitude to seated posture, orientation and distance." J. of Personality and Social Psychology10: 26-30.
37.
--- and J.T. Friar (1969) "Encoding of attitude by a seated communicator VIA posture and position cues." J. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology33: 330-336.
38.
Miller, H. (1949) "Acceptance and related attributes as demonstrated in psychotherapeutic interviews." J. of Clinical Psychology5: 83-88.
39.
Porter, G. (1969) "Non-verbal communications." Training and Development J.23: 3-8.
40.
Reich, L. (1970) "Non-verbal communication of emotions: a study of the relationship between training, expression, and recognition of emotion ." Ph.D. dissertation. Arizona State University.
41.
Rogers, C. (1951) Client-Centered Therapy. Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside.
42.
Rosenberg, B.G. and J. Langer (1965) "A study of postural-gestural communication." J. of Personality and Social Psychology2: 593-597.
43.
Scheflen, A.E. (1964) "Significance of posture in communication systems ." Psychiatry27: 316-331.
44.
Schlosberg, H. (1941) "A scale for judgment of facial expression." J. of Experimental Psychology29: 497-510.
45.
Schutz, W. (1967) Joy: Expanding Human Awareness. New York: Grove.
46.
Strong, S.R., R.G. Taylor, J.C. Bratton, and R.A. Loper (1971) "Non-verbal behavior and perceived counselor characteristics ." J. of Counsel ing Psychology18: 554-561.
47.
Trager, G.L. (1958) "Paralanguage: a first approximation." Studies in Linguistics13: 1-12.
48.
Watson, O.M. and T.D. Graves (1966) "Quantitative research in proxemic behavior." Amer. Anthropologist68: 971-985.