The purpose of this study is to extend the emerging literature on the effects of managers’ emotional skills on group outcomes. Specifically, the authors propose and test a theoretical model that examines impact of managers’ trait emotional intelligence (EI) on group job satisfaction. Data are based on middle managers and their immediate team members from public service organizations. Results, using Bayesian path analysis, indicate that middle managers’ trait EI has a significant indirect effect on group job satisfaction via group evaluative judgment toward manager’s trait EI. Results advance the emerging literature on the effects of team leader EI on group dynamics in the context where the manager holds legitimate authority.
Arbuckle, J.L. ( 2006). AMOS 7.0. User guide. Chicago, IL : SmallWaters.
2.
Ashkanasy, N.M., Hartel, C.E.J., & Daus, C.S. ( 2002). Diversity and emotion: The new frontiers in organizational behavior research. Journal of Management, 28, 307-338.
3.
Bartunek, J.M., Huang, Z., & Walsh, I.J. ( 2008). The development of a process model of collective turnover . Human Relations, 61, 5-38.
4.
Baruch, Y. ( 1999). Response rate in academic studies: A comparative analysis . Human Relations, 54, 421-438.
5.
Bateman, T.S., & Strasser, S. ( 1984). A longitudinal analysis of the antecedents of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 95-112.
6.
Blau, P.M. ( 1977). Inequality and heterogeneity. New York, NY: Free Press.
7.
Bono, E.J., Foldes, H.J., Vinson, G., & Muros, P.J. ( 2007). Workplace emotions: The role of supervision and leadership . Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1357-1367.
8.
Boyatzis, R.E., Goleman, D., & Rhee, K. ( 2000). Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). In R. Bar-On & D. A. Parker (Eds.), Handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 343-362). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
9.
Brayfield, A.H., & Rothe, H.F. ( 1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311.
10.
Castro, S.L. ( 2002). Data analytic methods for the analysis of multilevel questions. A comparison of intraclass correlation coefficients, rwg(j), hierarchical linear modeling, within- and between-analysis, and random group resampling . The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 69-93.
11.
Chan, D. ( 1998). Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 234-246.
12.
Cohen, S.G., & Bailey, D.W. ( 1997). What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite. Journal of Management , 23, 239-290.
13.
Dickson, M.W., Smith, D.B., Grojean, M.W., & Ehrhart, M. ( 2001). An organizational climate regarding ethics: The outcome of leader values and the practices that reflect them. The Leadership Quarterly, 12, 197-217.
14.
Druskat, V.U., & Pescosolido, A.T. (2006). The impact of emergent leader’s emotionally competent behavior on team, trust, communication management, and effectiveness. Research on Emotion in Organizations , 2, 25-55.
15.
Druskat, V.U., & Wolff, S.B. ( 2001). Building the emotional intelligence of groups. Harvard Business Review, 79, 81-90.
16.
Fields, D.L. ( 2007). Determinants of follower perceptions of a leader’s authenticity and integrity. European Management Journal, 25, 195-206.
17.
Gelman, A., Carlin, J.B., Stern, H.S., & Rubin, D.B. ( 2004). Bayesian data analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Chapman & Hall.
18.
Gelman, A., Meng, X.L., & Stern, H. ( 1996). Posterior predictive assessment of model fitness via realized discrepancies. Statistica Sinica, 6, 733-807.
19.
George, J.M. ( 1990). Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 107-116.
20.
George, J.M. ( 2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence . Human Relations, 53, 1027-1055.
21.
Hochschild, A. ( 1983). Comment on Kemper’s social constructionist and positivist approaches to the sociology of emotions. American Journal of Sociology, 89, 432-434.
22.
Hulsheger, U.R., Anderson, N., & Salgado, J.S. ( 2009). Team-level predictors of innovation at work: A comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1128-1145.
23.
James, L.R., Demaree, R.G., & Wolf, G. ( 1993). RWG: An assessment of within-group agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 306-309.
24.
Judge, T.A., Thoresen, C.J., Bono, J.E., & Patton, G.K. ( 2001). The job satisfaction-job performance relationship: A qualitative and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin , 127, 376-407.
25.
Kafetsios, K., & Zampetakis, L.A. (2008). Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction: Testing the mediatory role of positive and negative affect at work. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences , 44, 710-720.
26.
Kaplan, S.A., Warren, C.R., Barsky, A.P., & Thoresen, C.J. (2009). A note on the relationship between affect(ivity) and differing conceptualizations of job satisfaction: Some unexpected meta-analytic findings. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18, 29-54.
27.
Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. ( 2001). Social functions of emotions. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Eds.), Emotions: Current issues and future directions. Emotions and social behavior (pp. 192-213). New York, NY: Guilford.
28.
Kenny, D. ( 1991). A general model of consensus and accuracy in interpersonal perception. Psychological Review, 98, 155-163.
29.
Klein, K.J., Conn, A.B., Smith, D.B., & Sorra, J.S. ( 2001). Is everyone in agreement? An exploration of within-group agreement in employee perceptions of the work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 3-16.
30.
Law, K.S., Wong, C., & Song, L.J. ( 2004). The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 483-496.
31.
LeBreton, J., & Senter, J.L. ( 2008). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods , 11, 815-852.
32.
Lee, S.-Y. ( 2007). Structural equation modeling: A Bayesian approach. Chichester, England: John Wiley.
33.
Little, T.D., Cunningham, W.A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K.F. ( 2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151-173.
34.
Madera, J.M., & Smith, B. ( 2009). The effects of leader negative emotions on evaluations of leadership in a crisis situation: The role of anger and sadness. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 103-114.
35.
Mason, C.M. ( 2006). Exploring the processes underlying within-group homogeneity . Small Group Research, 37, 233-270.
36.
Mason, C.M., & Griffin, M.A. ( 2002). Group task satisfaction: Applying the construct of job satisfaction to groups. Small Group Research, 33, 271-312.
37.
Mason, C.M., & Griffin, M.A. ( 2003). Identifying group task satisfaction at work. Small Group Research, 34, 413-442.
38.
Mayer, J.D., & Salovey, P. ( 1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators (pp. 3-34). New York, NY: Basic Books.
39.
O’Driscoll, M.P., & Beehr, T.A. ( 2000). Moderating effects of perceived control and need for clarity on the relationship between role stressors and employee affective reactions. Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 151-159.
40.
Pescosolido, A.T. ( 2002). Emergent leaders as managers of group emotion. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 583-599.
41.
Petrides, K.V., & Furnham, A. ( 2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15, 425-448.
42.
Petrides, K.V., & Furnham, A. ( 2006). The role of trait emotional intelligence in a gender-specific model of organizational variables. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 552-569.
43.
Pirola-Merlo, A., Hartel, C., Mann, L., & Hirst, G. ( 2002). How leaders influence the impact of affective events on team climate and performance in R&D teams. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 561-581.
44.
Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies . Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
45.
Roth, P.L., & Bevier, C.A. ( 1998). Response rates in HRM/OB survey research: Norms and correlates, 1990-1994. Journal of Management, 24, 97-117.
46.
Scheines, R., Hoijtink, H., & Boomsma, A. ( 1999). Bayesian estimation and testing of structural equation models. Psychometrika, 64, 37-52.
47.
Shrout, P.E., & Bolger, N. ( 2002). Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods , 4, 422-445.
48.
Spiegelhalter, D.J., Best, N.G., Carlin, B.P., & van der Linde, A. (2002). Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 64, 583-616.
49.
Stewart, G.L. ( 2006). A meta-analytic review of relationships between team design features and team performance. Journal of Management , 32, 29-55.
50.
Stubbs, E.C., & Wolff, S.B. ( 2008). Emotional intelligence competencies in the team and team leader. A multi-level examination of the impact of emotional intelligence on team performance. Journal of Management Development, 27, 55-75.
51.
Villard, J.A. ( 2004). Determining the relationship between job satisfaction of county extension unit employees and the level of emotional intelligence of extension county chairs (Doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University, Columbus.
52.
Webb, S. ( 2005). Examining emotional intelligence and leadership (Doctoral dissertation). University of South Florida, Tampa.
53.
Weiss, H.M. ( 2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction. Separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 173-194.
54.
Weiss, H.M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 19, pp. 1-74). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
55.
Wong, C., & Law, K.S. ( 2002). The effect of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 243-274.
56.
Zampetakis, L.A., & Moustakis, V. ( 2007). Fostering corporate entrepreneurship through internal marketing: Implications for change in the public sector. European Journal of Innovation Management, 10, 413-433.
57.
Zampetakis, L.A., Moustakis, V., Dewett, T., & Zampetakis, K. (2008). Development of creativity scripts: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Creative Behavior , 42, 237-254.
58.
Zampetakis, L.A., Beldekos, P., & Moustakis, V. (2009). "Day to day" entrepreneurship within organizations: The role of trait emotional intelligence and perceived organizational Support . European Management Journal, 27, 165-175.
59.
Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., & Roberts, R.D. ( 2004). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: A critical review . Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53, 371-399.
