Fluoride participates in many aspects of calcium phosphate formation in vivo and has enormous effects on the process and on the nature and properties of formed mineral. The most well-documented effect of fluoride is that this ion substitutes for a column hydroxyl in the apatite structure, giving rise to a reduction of crystal volume and a concomitant increase in structural stability. In the process of enamel mineralization during amelogenesis (a unique model for the cell-mediated formation of well-crystallized carbonatoapatite), free fluoride ions in the fluid phase are supposed to accelerate the hydrolysis of acidic precursor(s) and increase the driving force for the growth of apatitic mineral. Once fluoride is incorporated into the enamel mineral, the ion likely affects the subsequent mineralization process by reducing the solubility of the mineral and thereby modulating the ionic composition in the fluid surrounding the mineral, and enhancing the matrix protein-mineral interaction. But excess fluoride leads to anomalous enamel formation by retarding tissue maturation. It is worth noting that enameloid/enamel minerals found in vertebrate teeth have a wide range of CO3 and fluoride substitutions. In the evolutionary process from elasmobranch through teleost enameloid to mammalian enamel, the biosystems appear to develop regulatory functions for limiting the fluoridation of the formed mineral, but this development is accompanied by an increase of carbonate substitution or defects in the mineral. In research on the cariostatic effect of fluoride, considerable emphasis is placed on the roles of free fluoride ions (i.e., preventing the dissolution and accelerating the kinetics of remineralization) in the oral fluid bathing tooth mineral. Fluoride also has been used for the treatment of osteoporosis, but much still remains to be learned about maximizing the benefit and minimizing the risk of fluoride when used as a public health measure.
References
1.
Aileen-Chin KO, Nancollas GH (1991). Dissolution of fluorapatite. A constant-composition kinetics study. Langmuir7:2175-2179.
2.
Amjad Z., Nancollas GH (1979). Effect of fluoride on the growth of hydroxyapatite and human dental enamel. Caries Res13:250-258.
3.
Amjad Z., Koutsoukos PG, Nancollas GH (1981). The crystallization of fluoroapatite. A constant composition study. J Coll Int Sci82:394-400.
4.
Aoba T. ( 1994). Strategies for improving the assessment of dental fluorosis. Focus on chemical and biochemical aspects. Adv Dent Res8:66-74.
5.
Aoba T., Moreno EC (1984). Preparation of hydroxyapatite crystals and their behavior as seeds for crystal growth. J Dent Res63:874-880.
6.
Aoba T., Moreno EC (1987). The enamel fluid in the early secretory stage of porcine amelogenesis. Chemical composition and saturation with respect to enamel mineral. Calcif Tissue Int41:86-94.
7.
Aoba T., Moreno EC (1990). Changes in the nature and composition of enamel mineral during porcine amelogenesis. Calcif Tissue Int47:356-364.
8.
Aoba T., Moreno EC (1992). Changes in the solubility of enamel mineral at various stages of porcine amelogenesis. Calcif Tissue Int50:266-272.
9.
Aoba T., Tanabe T., Moreno EC (1987). Function of amelogenins in porcine enamel mineralization during the secretory stage of amelogenesis. Adv Dent Res1:252-260.
10.
Aoba T., Collins J., Moreno EC (1989). Possible function of matrix proteins in fluoride incorporation into enamel mineral during porcine amelogenesis. J Dent Res68:1162-1168.
11.
Aoba T., Moreno EC, Tanabe T., Fukae M. (1990). Effects of fluoride on matrix proteins and their properties in rat secretory enamel. J Dent Res69:1248-1255.
12.
Aoba T., Moreno EC, Shimoda S. (1992a). Competitive adsorption of magnesium and calcium ions onto synthetic and biological apatites. Calcif Tissue Int51:143-150.
13.
Aoba T., Shimoda S., Moreno EC (1992b). Labile or surface pools of magnesium, sodium, and potassium in developing enamel mineral. J Dent Res71:1826-1831.
14.
Aoba T., Taya Y., Sato A., Shimada T., Mura-Galelli MJ (1995). Mechanistic understanding of enamel mineralization under fluoride regime. Connect Tissue Res33:145-149.
15.
Bawden JW, Deaton TG, Crenshaw MA (1987). Diffusion of fluoride through the rat enamel organ in vitro. ) Dent Res66:1360-1363.
16.
Bellows CG, Aubin JE, Heersch JNM (1993). Differential effects of fluoride during initiation and progression of mineralization of osteoid nodules formed in vitro. J Bone Miner Res8:1357-1363.
17.
Bonar LC, Shimizu M., Roberts JE, Griffin RG, Glimcher MJ (1991). Structural and composition studies on the mineral of newly formed dental enamel-A chemical, x-ray diffraction, and 31P and proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Bone Miner Res6:1167-1176.
18.
Boskey AL, Marsca M., Doty S., Sabsay B., Veis A. ( 1990). Concentration-dependent effects of dentin phosphophoryn in the regulation of in vitro hydroxyapatite formation and growth. Bone and Mineral11:55-65.
19.
Bres EF, Voegel JC, Frank RM (1989). High-resolution electron microscopy of human enamel crystals. J Microscopy160:183-201.
20.
Brown WE, Schroeder LW, Ferris IS (1979). interiayering of crystalline octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyl-apatite. J Phys Chem83:1385-1388.
21.
Brown WE, Eidelman N., Tomazic BB (1987). Octacalcium phosphate as a precursor in biomineral formation. Adv Dent Res1:306-313.
22.
Burgener D., Bonjour J-P, Caverzasio ) (1995). Fluoride increases tyrosine kinase activity in osteoblast-like cells; Regulatory role for the stimulation of cell proliferation and Pi transport across the plasma membrane. J Bone Miner Res10:164-171.
23.
Chavassieux P. (1990). Bone effects of fluoride in animal models in vivo. A review and a recent study. J Bone Miner Res5:S95-S99.
24.
Chickerur NS, Tung MS, Brown WE (1980). A mechanism for incorporation of carbonate into apatite. Calcif Tissue Int32:55-62.
Christoffersen J., Christoffersen MR, Kibalczyc W., Perdok WG (1988). Kinetics of dissolution and growth of calcium fluoride and effects of phosphate in solution and incorporated in the crystals on these processes. Acta Odontol Scand36:325-336.
27.
Christoffersen MR, Christoffersen J., Arends J. (1984). Kinetics of dissolution of calcium hydroxyapatite. VII. The effect of fluoride ions. J Cryst Growth67:107-114.
28.
Code RF, Armstrong RL, Hallsworth RS, Lemaire C., Cheng PT (1992). Concentration dependence of fluorine impurity spin-lattice relaxation rate in bone mineral. Physics Med Biol37:211-222.
29.
Crenshaw MA, Bawden JW (1984). Proteolytic activity in embryonic secretory enamel. In: Tooth enamel IV. Fearnhead RW, Suga S, editors. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 109-113.
30.
Cuisinier F., Steuer P., Frank RM, Voegel JC (1990). High resolution electron microscopy of young apatite crystals in human fetal enamel. J Biol Buccale18:149-154.
31.
Daculsi G., LeGeros RZ, Nery E., Lynch K., Kerebel B. (1989). Transformation of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics in vivo: Ultrastructural and physicochemical characterization. I Biomed Mater Res23:883-894.
32.
DenBesten PK (1986). Effects of fluoride on protein secretion and removal during enamel development in the rat. J Dent Res65:1272-1277.
33.
DenBesten PK, Heffernan LM (1989a). Separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of multiple proteases in rat and bovine enamel. Arch Oral Biol34:399-404.
34.
DenBesten PK, Heffernan LM (1989b), Enamel proteases in secretory and maturation enamel of rats ingesting 0 and 100 ppm fluoride in drinking water. Adv Dent Res3:199-202.
35.
Doi Y., Eanes ED (1984). Transmission electron microscopic study of calcium phosphate formation in supersaturated solutions seeded with apatite. Calcif Tissue Int36:39-47.
36.
Doi Y., Eanes ED, Shimokawa H., Termine JD (1984). Inhibition of seeded growth of enamel apatite crystals by amelogenin and enamelin proteins in vitro. J Dent Res63:98-105.
37.
Doi Y., Horiguchi T., Kim SH, Moriwaki Y., Wakamatsu N., Adachi M., et al. (1993). Immobilized DPP and other proteins modify OCP formation. Calcif Tissue Int52:139-145.
38.
Driessens FCM (1982). Mineral aspects of dentistry. Monographs in Oral Science 10. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger. Eanes ED, Meyer JL (1978). The influence of fluoride on apatite formation from unstable supersaturated solutions at pH 7.4. J Dent Res57:617-624.
39.
Eastoe JE, Fejerskov O. (1984). Composition of mature enamel proteins from fluorosed teeth. In: Tooth enamel IV. Fearnhead RW, Suga S, editors. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 326-330.
40.
Eidelman N., Chow LC, Brown WE (1987). Calcium phosphate phase transformation in serum. Calcif Tissue Int41:18-26.
41.
Elliott JC (1994). Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates. Studies in inorganic chemistry 18. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
42.
Elliott JC, Holcomb DW, Young RA (1985). Infrared determination of the degree of substitution of hydroxyl by carbonate ions in human dental enamel. Calcif Tissue Int37:372-375.
43.
Farley JR, Wergedal JE, Baylink DJ (1983). Fluoride directly stimulates proliferation and ALP activity of bone forming cells. Science222:330-332.
44.
Fejerskov O., Yanagisawa T., Tohda H., Larsen MJ, Josephsen KAJ, Mosha H. (1991). Posteruptive changes in human dental fluorosis-A histological and ultrastructural study. Proc Finn Dent Soc87:607-619.
45.
Fejerskov O., Larsen MJ, Richards A., Baelum V. (1994). Dental tissue effects on fluoride. Adv Dent Res8:15-31.
46.
Fratzl P., Roschger P., Eschberger J., Abendroth B., Klaushofer K. (1994). Abnormal bone mineralization after fluoride treatment in osteoporosis: a small-angle x-ray scattering study. J Bone Miner Res9:1541-1549.
47.
Fridell RA, Lussi A., Crenshaw MA, Bawden JW (1988). The in vitro uptake of fluoride by secretory and maturation stage bovine enamel. J Dent Res67:487-490.
48.
Fujisawa R., Kuboki Y. (1991). Preferential adsorption of dentine and bone acidic proteins on the (100) face of hydroxyapatite crystals. Biochem Biophys Acta1075:56-60.
49.
Furedi-Milhofer H., Moradian-Oldak J., Weiner S., Veis A., Mintz KP, Addadi L. (1994). Interactions of matrix proteins from mineralized tissues with octacalcium phosphate. Connect Tissue Res30:251-264.
50.
George A., Sabsay B., Simonian PA, Veis A. ( 1993). Characterization of a novel dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein. Implication for induction of biomineralization. J Biol Chem268:12624-12630.
51.
Glimcher MI (1989). Mechanism of calcification: role of collagen fibrils and collagen-phosphoprotein complexes in vitro and in vivo. Anat Rec224:139-153.
52.
Gorski JP (1992). Acidic phosphoproteins from bone matrix: A structural rationalization of their role in biomineralization. Calcif Tissue Int50:391-396.
53.
Gruber HE, Baylink DJ (1991). The effects of fluoride on bone. Clin Orthop Rel Res267:264-277.
54.
Grynpas MD (1990). Fluoride effects on bone crystals. J Bone Miner Res5(Suppl 1):S169-S175.
55.
Grynpas MD, Rey C. (1992). The effect of fluoride treatment on bone mineral crystals in the rat. Bone13:423-429.
56.
Grynpas MD, Bonar LC, Glimcher MJ (1984). Failure to detect amorphous calcium phosphate solid phase in bone mineral: a radial distribution function study. Calcif Tissue Int36:291-309.
57.
Hall R., Embery G., Waddington R., Gilmour A. (1995). The influence of fluoride on the adsorption of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans to hydroxyapatite. Calcif Tissue Int56:236-239.
58.
Harries JE, Hasnain SS, Shah JS ( 1987). EXAFS study of structural disorder in carbonate-containing hydroxyapatites. Calcif Tissue Int41:346-350.
59.
Heughebaert JC, Nancollas GH (1984). The kinetics of crystallization of OCP. J Phys Chem88:2478-2481.
60.
Heywood BR, Sparks NHC, Shellis RP, Weiner S., Mann S. ( 1990). Ultrastructure, morphology and crystal growth of biogenic and synthetic carbonate apatites. Connect Tissue Res25:103-119.
61.
Hiller CR, Robinson C., Weatherell JA (1975). Variations in the composition of developing rat incisor enamel. Calcif Tissue Res18:1-12.
62.
Holt C., Wahlgren NM, Drakenberg T. (1996). Ability of a beta-casein phosphopeptide to modulate the precipitation of calcium phosphate by forming amorphous dicalcium phosphate nanoclusters. Biochem J314:1035-1039.
63.
Howell DS, Pita JC, Marquez JF, Madruga JE (1968). Partition of calcium, phosphate, and protein in the fluid phase aspirated at calcifying sites in epiphyseal cartilage. J Clin Invest47:1121-1132.
64.
lijima M., Moriwaki Y. (1991). Lengthwise and oriented growth of octacalcium phosphate on cation selective membrane in a model system of enamel mineralization. J Cryst Growth112:571-579.
65.
lijima M., Tohda H., Moriwaki Y. (1992a). Growth and structure of lamellar mixed crystals of octacalcium phosphate and apatite in a model system of enamel formation. J Cryst Growth116:319-326.
66.
lijima M., Tohda H., Suzuki H., Yanagisawa T., Moriwaki Y. (1992b). Effects of F~ on apatite-octacalcium phosphate intergrowth and crystal morphology in a model system of tooth enamel formation. Calcif Tissue Int50:357-361.
67.
Johnsson MSA, Nancollas GH (1992). The role of brushite and octacalcium phosphate in apatite formation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med3:61-82.
68.
Kay MI, Young GRA, Posner AS (1964). Crystal structure of hydroxyapatite. Nature204:1050-1052.
69.
Kreinbrink AT, Sazavsky CD, Pyrz JW, Nelson DGA, Honkonen RS (1990). Fast-Magic-Angle-Spinning 19F NMR of inorganic fluorides and fluoridated apatitic surfaces. J Magnet Reson88:267-276.
70.
Lammers PC, Borggreven JMPM, Driessens FCM, van Dijk JWE (1991). Influence of fluoride and carbonate on in vitro remineralization of bovine enamel. J Dent Res70:970-974.
71.
Landis WJ (1995). The strength of a calcified tissue depends in part on the molecular structure and organization of its constituent mineral crystals in their organic matrix. Bone16:533-544.
72.
Larsen MJ (1986). An investigation of the theoretical background for the stability of the calcium-phosphate salts and their mutual conversion in aqueous solutions. Arch Oral Biol31:757-761.
73.
Larsen MJ, Pearce EIF (1992). Partial defluoridation of drinking water using fluorapatite precipitation. Caries Res26:22-28.
74.
Larsson PA, Howell DS, Pita JC, Blanco LN (1988). Aspiration and characterization of predentin fluid in developing rat teeth by means of a micropuncture and micro-analytical technique. J Dent Res67:870-875.
75.
LeGeros RZ (1991). Calcium phosphates in oral biology and medicine. Monographs in oral science 15. Basel: Karger.
76.
LeGeros RZ, Tung MS ( 1983). Chemical stability of carbonate- and fluoride-containing apatites. Caries Res17:419-429.
77.
LeGeros RZ, Daculsi G., Orly I., Abergas T., Torres W. (1989). Solution-mediated transformation of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) to apatite. SEM3:129-138.
78.
Linde A., Lussi A., Crenshaw MA (1989). Mineral induction by immobilized polyanionic proteins. Calcif Tissue Int44:286-295.
79.
Lowenstam HA, Weiner S. (1985). Transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate to crystalline dahllite in the radular teeth of chitons. Science227:51-53.
80.
Lowenstam HA, Weiner S. (1989). On biomineralization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 175-188.
81.
Lundgren T., Linde A. (1987). Regulation of free Ca2+ by subcellular fractions of rat incisor odontoblasts. Arch Oral Biol32:463-468.
82.
Lundgren T., Nannmark U., Linde A. (1992). Calcium ion activity and pH in the odontoblast-predentin region: ion-selective microelectrode measurements. Calcif Tissue Int50:134-136.
83.
Lussi A., Crenshaw MA, Linde A. (1988a). Induction and inhibition of hydroxyapatite formation by rat dentine phosphoprotein in vitro. Arch Oral Biol33:685-691.
84.
Lussi A., Fridell RA, Crenshaw MA, Bawden JW (1988b). Absence of in vitro fluoride-binding by the organic matrix of developing bovine enamel. Arch Oral Biol33:531-533.
85.
Margolis HC, Moreno EC, Murphy BJ (1986). Effect of low levels of fluoride in solution on enamel demineralization in vitro. J Dent Res65:23-29.
86.
Meyer JL, Eanes ED (1978). A thermodynamic analysis of the amorphous to crystalline calcium phosphate transformation. Calcif Tissue Res25:59-68.
87.
Miake Y., Aoba T., Moreno EC, Shimoda S., Prostak K., Suga S. ( 1991). Ultrastructural studies on crystal growth of enameloid minerals in Elasmobranch and Teleost fishes. Calcif Tissue Int48:204-217.
88.
Miake Y., Shimoda S., Fukae M., Aoba T. ( 1993). Epitaxial overgrowth of apatite crystals on the thin-ribbon precursor at early stages of porcine enamel mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int53:249-256.
89.
Milhaud GE, Charles E., Loubiere ML, Kolf-Clauw M., loubert C. (1992). Effects of fluoride on secretory and postsecretory phases of enamel formation in sheep molars. Am J Vet Res53:1241-1247.
90.
Montel G., Bonel G., Heughebaert LC, Trombe JC, Rey C. (1981). New concepts in the composition, crystallization and growth of the mineral component of calcified tissues. J Cryst Growth53:74-99.
91.
Moreno EC (1993). Role of Ca-P-F in caries prevention: chemical aspects. Int Dent J43:71-80.
92.
Moreno EC, Aoba T. ( 1987). Calcium binding in enamel fluid and driving force for enamel mineralization in the secretory stage of amelogenesis. Adv Dent Res1:245-251.
93.
Moreno EC, Kresak M., Zahradnik RT (1974). Fluoridated hydroxyapatite solubility and caries formation. Nature247:64-65.
94.
Moreno EC, Kresak M., Hay DI (1978). Adsorption of two human parotid salivary macromolecules on hydroxy-, fluorhydroxy- and fluorapatites. Arch Oral Biol23:523-533.
95.
Moreno EC, Varughese K., Hay DI (1979). Effect of human salivary proteins on the precipitation kinetics of calcium phosphate. Calcif Tissue Int28:7-16.
96.
Mura-Galelli MJ, Narusawa H., Shimada T., lijima M., Aoba T. ( 1992). Effects of fluoride at low concentrations on precipitation of calcium phosphates in media simulating the enamel fluid. Cell Mater2:221-230.
97.
Nelson DGA, Barry JC (1989). High resolution electron microscopy of nonstoichiometric apatite crystals. Anat Rec224:265-276.
98.
Nelson DGA, McLean JD (1984). High-resolution electron microscopy of octacalcium phosphate and its hydrolysis products. Calcif Tissue Int36:219-232.
99.
Nelson DGA, Featherstone JDB, Duncan JF, Cutress TW (1983). Effect of carbonate and fluoride on the dissolution behaviour of synthetic apatites. Caries Res17:200-211.
100.
Nelson DGA, Salimi H., Nancollas GH (1986). Octacalcium phosphate and apatite overgrowths: a crystallographic and kinetic study. J Colloid Interf Sci110:32-39.
101.
Ogaard B., Rølla G., Ruben J., Dijkman T., Arends J. (1988). Microradiographic study of demineralization of shark enamel in a human caries model. Scand J Dent Res96:209-211.
102.
Okazaki M., Sato M. ( 1990). Computer graphics of hydroxyapatite and β-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials11:573-578.
103.
Pak CYC, Sakhall K., Zerwekh JE, Parcel C., Peterson R., Johnson K. (1989). Safe and effective treatment of osteoporosis with intermittent slow release of sodium fluoride: Augmentation of vertebral bone mass and inhibition of fractures. I Clin Endocrinol Metabol68:150-159.
104.
Pleshko N., Boskey A., Mendelsohn R. (1991). Novel infrared spectroscopic method for the determination of crystallinity of hydroxyapatite minerals. Biophys J60:786-793.
105.
Prostak K., Seifert P., Skobe Z. (1991). Serum fluoride level and fluoride content of enameloid. J Dent Res70:1266-1271.
106.
Rey C., Collins B., Goehl T., Dickson IR, Glimcher M.) (1989). The carbonate environment in bone mineral. A resolution enhanced Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy study. Calcif Tissue Int45:157-164.
107.
Rey C., Renugopalakrishnan V., Shimizu M., Collins B., Glimcher M.) (1991). A resolution-enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the environment of the CO32- ion in the mineral phase of enamel during its formation and maturation. Calcif Tissue Int49:259-268.
108.
Richards A., Kragstrup J., losephsen K., Fejerskov O. (1986). Dental fluorosis developed in post-secretory enamel. J Dent Res65:1406-1409.
109.
Richards A., Fejerskov O., Baelum V. (1989). Enamel fluoride in relation to severity of human dental fluorosis. Adv Dent Res3:147-153.
110.
Roberts JE, Heughebaert M., Heughebaert JC, Bonar LC, Glimcher MJ, Griffin RG (1991). Solid state 31p NMR studies of the conversion of amorphoous tricalcium phosphate to apatitic tricalcium phosphate. Calcif Tissue Int49:378-382.
111.
Romberg RW, Werness PG, Lollar P., Riggs BL, Mann KG ( 1986). Inhibition of hydroxyapatite crystal growth by bone-specific and other calcium-binding proteins. Biochemistry25:1176-1180.
112.
Sauer GR, Zunic WB, During JR, Wuthier RE (1994). Fourier transform raman spectroscopy of synthetic and biological calcium phosphates. Calcif Tissue Int54:414-420.
113.
Shellis RP, Duckworth RM (1994). Studies on the cariostatic mechanisms of fluoride. Int Dent J44:263-273.
114.
Shimoda S., Aoba T., Moreno EC, Miake Y. (1990). Effect of solution composition on morphological and structural features of carbonated calcium apatites. J Dent Res69:1731-1740.
115.
Shimoda S., Aoba T., Moreno EC (1991). Changes in acid phosphate content in enamel mineral during porcine amelogenesis. J Dent Res70:1516-1523.
116.
Siew C., Gruninger SE, Chow LC, Brown WE (1992). Procedure for the study of acidic calcium phosphate precursor phases in enamel mineral formation. Calcif Tissue Int50:144-148.
117.
Simmer JP, Fincham AG (1995). Molecular mechanisms of dental enamel formation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med6:84-108.
118.
Sogaard CH, Mosekilde L., Richards A., Mosekilde L. (1994). Marked decrease in trabecular bone quality after five years of sodium fluoride therapy-Assessed by biomechanical testing of iliac crest bone biopsies in osteoporotic patients. Bone15:393-399.
119.
Speirs RL (1986). The relationship between fluoride concentrations in serum and in mineralized tissues in the rat. Arch Oral Biol31:373-381.
120.
Suga S. ( 1970). Histochemical observation of proteolytic enzyme activity in the developing dental hard tissues of the rat. Arch Oral Biol15:555-558.
121.
Suga S., Wada K., Ogawa M. (1981). Fluoride concentration in the enameloid of fish teeth and its relationship to the phylogeny of fishes. In: Fluoride metabolism. Binder K, Hohenegger M, editors. Wien: Verlag Wilhelm Maudrich, pp. 79-88.
122.
Suge T., Ishikawa K., Kawasaki A., Yoshiyama M., Asaoka K., Ebisu S. (1995). Effects of fluoride on the calcium phosphate precipitation method for dentinal tubule occlusion. J Dent Res74:1079-1085.
123.
Suzuki O., Yagishita H., Yamazaki M., Aoba T. ( 1995). Adsorption of bovine serum albumin onto octacalcium phosphate and its hydrolyzates. Cell Mater5:45-54.
124.
Tanabe T., Aoba T., Moreno EC (1988). Effect of fluoride in apatite lattice on adsorption of enamel proteins onto calcium apatites. J Dent Res67:536-542.
125.
Tanabe T., Fukae M., Uchida T., Shimizu M. (1992). The localization and characterization of proteinases for the initial cleavage of porcine amelogenin. Calcif Tissue Int51:213-217.
126.
Ten Cate JM, Featherstone JDB (1991). Mechanistic aspects of the interactions between fluoride and dental enamel. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med2:283-296.
127.
Termine JD, Eanes ED, Conn KM ( 1980). Phosphoprotein modulation of apatite crystallization. Calcif Tissue Int31:247-251.
128.
Terpstra RA, Bennema P. (1987). Crystal morphology of octacalcium phosphate: theory and observation. J Cryst Growth82:416-426.
129.
Tomazic BB, Tung MS, Gregory TM, Brown WE (1989). Mechanism of hydrolysis of octacalcium phosphate. SEM3:119-127.
130.
Tomazic BB, Mayer I., Brown WE (1991). Ion incorporation into octacalcium phosphate hydrolyzates. J Cryst Growth108:670-682.
131.
Tung MS, Brown WE (1983). An intermediary state in hydrolysis of amorphous calcium phosphate. Calcif Tissue Int35:783-790.
132.
Tung MS, Tomazic B., Brown WE (1992). The effects of magnesium and fluoride on the hydrolysis of octacalcium phosphate. Arch Oral Biol37:585-591.
133.
Tung MS, Bowen HJ, Derkson GD, Pashley DH (1993). Effects of calcium phosphate solutions on dentin permeability. J Endodon19:383-387.
134.
van Cappellen P., Berner RA (1991). Fluorapatite crystal growth from modified seawater solutions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta55:1219-1234.
135.
Varughese K., Moreno EC (1981). Crystal growth of calcium apatites in dilute solutions containing fluoride. Calcif Tissue Int33:431-439.
136.
Verbeeck RMH, Devenyns JAH (1990). The effect of the solution Ca/P ratio on the kinetics of dissolution of octacalcium phosphate at constant pH. J Cryst Growth102:647-657.
137.
Vignoles M., Bonel G., Holcomb DW, Young RA (1988). Influence of preparation conditions on the composition of type B carbonated hydroxyapatite and on the localization of the carbonate ions. Calcif Tissue Int43:33-40.
138.
Weatherell JA, Deutsch D., Robinson C., Hallsworth AS (1975). Fluoride concentrations in developing enamel. Nature256:230-232.
139.
Weiss MP, Voegel JC, Frank RM (1981). Enamel crystallite growth: Width and thickness study related to the possible presence of octacalcium phosphate during amelogenesis. I Ultrastruct Res76:286-292.
140.
White DJ, Bowman WD, Faller RV, Mobley MJ, Wolfgang RA, Yesinowski JP (1988). 19F MAS-NMR and solution chemical characterization of the reactions of fluoride with hydroxyapatite and powdered enamel. Acta Odontol Scand46:375-389.
141.
White DJ, Nelson DGA, Faller RV (1994). Mode of action of fluoride: Application of new techniques and test methods to the examination of the mechanism of action of topical fluoride. Adv Dent Res8:166-174.
142.
Whitford GM (1990). The physiological and toxicological characteristics of fluoride. J Dent Res69(Spec Iss):539-549.
143.
Wong L., Cutress TW, Duncan JF (1987). The influence of incorporated and adsorbed fluoride on the dissolution of powdered and pelletized hydroxyapatite in fluoridated and non-fluoridated acid buffers. J Dent Res66:1735-1741.
144.
Wu Y., Glimcher MJ, Rey C., Ackerman JL (1994). A unique protonated phosphate group in bone mineral not present in synthetic calcium phosphates. Identification by phosphorus-31 solid state NMR spectroscopy. J Mol Biol244:423-435.
145.
Wuthier RE (1977). Electrolytes of isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes, matrix vesicles, and extracellular fluid. Calcif Tissue Res23:125-133.
146.
Yesinowski JP, Eckert H. (1987). Hydrogen environments in calcium phosphates: 1H MAS NMR at high spinning speeds. J Am Chem Soc109:6274-6282.
147.
Zhang J., Nancollas GH (1992). Kinetics and mechanisms of octacalcium phosphate dissolution at 37°C. J Phys Chem96:5478-5483.
148.
Zhang J., Ebrahimpour A., Nancollas GH (1992). Dual constant composition studies of phase transformation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate into octacalcium phosphate. J Colloid lnterf Sci152:132-140.
