T-lymphocyte movement out of the bloodstream and into tissue is critical to the success of these cells in their role in immunosurveillance. This process involves interactions of the T-cell with endothelium as well as with extracellular matrix. Central to these interactions are a number of T-cell adhesion molecules and their endothelial and extracellular matrix ligands. The identification and functional characterization of adhesion molecules have been the subject of intensive research in recent years. We highlight here the latest developments in this rapidly expanding field as they pertain to T-cell interactions with endothelial cells and extracellular matrix components, including: (1) identification of adhesion molecule families, including the selectins, mucins, integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily members, and cadherins; (2) elucidation of the multi-step adhesion cascade that mediates the rolling, arrest, and eventual diapedesis of T-cells through the vascular endothelium into the surrounding tissue; (3) the changes in adhesion molecule expression that accompany T-cell maturation and activation, and the impact of those changes on T-cell migration; (4) the functional relevance of the extracellular matrix for T-cell function; and (51 the clinical relevance of adhesion molecules and the potential for targeting these molecules for the amelioration of immune-mediated diseases.
References
1.
Adamthwaite D., Cooley MA (1994). CD8+ T-cell subsets defined by expression of CD45 isoforms differ in their capacity to produce IL-2, IFN-β and TNF-a. Immunology81:253-260.
2.
Ager A. ( 1994). Lymphocyte recirculation and homing: roles of adhesion molecules and chemoattractants. Trends Cell Biol4:326-333.
3.
Ager A., Humphries MI (1990). Use of synthetic peptides to probe lymphocyte-high endothelial cell interactions. Lymphocytes recognize a ligand on the endothelial surface which contains the CS1 adhesion motif. Int Immunol2:921-928.
4.
Airas L., Hellman J., Salmi M., Bono P., Puurunen T., Smith DJ, et al. (1995). CD73 is involved in lymphocyte binding to the endothelium: characterization of lymphocyte-vascular adhesion protein 2 identifies it as CD73. J Exp Med182:1603-1608.
5.
Alon R., Cahalon L., Hershkoviz R., Elbaz D., Reizis B., Wallach D., et al. (1994). TNF-a binds to the N-terminal domain of fibronectin and augments the β1-integrin-mediated adhesion of CD4+ T lymphocytes to the glycoprotein. J Immunol152:1304-1313.
6.
Alon R., Hammer DA, Springer TA (1995). Lifetime of the P-selectin-carbohydrate bond and its response to tensile force in hydrodynamic flow. Nature374:539-542.
7.
Altevogt P., Hubbe M., Ruppert M., Lohr J., Von Hoegen P., Sammar M., et al. (1995). The a4 integrin chain is a ligand for α4β7 and α4β1. J Exp Med182:345-355.
8.
Arbones ML, Ord DC, Ley K., Ratech H., Maynard-Curry C., Otten G., et al. (1994). Lymphocyte homing and leukocyte rolling and migration are impaired in L-selectin-deficient mice. Immunity1:247-260.
9.
Babi LFS, Moser R., Soler MTP, Picker LJ, Blaser K., Hauser C. (1995). Migration of skin-homing T-cells across cytokine-activated human endothelial cell layers involves interaction of the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA), the very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), and the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). J Immunol154:1543-1550.
10.
Bargatze RF, Butcher EC (1993). Rapid G protein-regulated activation event involved in lymphocyte binding to high endothelial venules. J Exp Med178:367-372.
11.
Bargatze RF, Jutila MA, Butcher EC (1995). Distinct roles of L-selectin and integrin α4β7 in lymphocyte homing to Peyer's patch-HEV in situ: the multistep model confirmed and refined. Immunity3:99-108.
12.
Baumhueter S., Dybdal N., Kyle C., Lasky LA (1994). Global vascular expression of murine CD34, a sialomucin-like endothelial ligand for L-selectin. Blood84:2554-2565.
13.
Bell EB, Sparshott SM (1990). Interconversion of CD45R subsets of CD4 T-cells in vivo. Nature348:163-166.
14.
Berg EL, Yoshino T., Rott LS, Robinson MK, Warnock RA, Kishimoto TK, et al. (1991). The cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a skin lymphocyte homing receptor for the vascular lectin endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. J Exp Med174:1461-1466.
15.
Berg EL, McEvoy LM, Berlin C., Bargatze RF, Butcher EC (1993). L-selectin-mediated lymphocyte rolling on MAdCAM-1. Nature366:695-698.
16.
Berlin C., Berg EL, Briskin MJ, Andrew DP, Kilshaw PJ, Holzmann B., et al. (1993). α4β7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1. Cell74:185-195.
17.
Berlin C., Bargatze RF, Campbell JJ, Von Andrian UH, Szabo MC, Hasslen SR, et al. (1995). a4 integrins mediate lymphocyte attachment and rolling under physiologic flow. Cell80:413-422.
18.
Bevilacqua MP (1993). Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules. Ann Rev Immunol11:767-804.
19.
Bird IN, Spragg JH, Ager A., Matthews N. (1993). Studies of lymphocyte transendothelial migration: analysis of migrated cell phenotypes with regard to CD31 (PECAM-1), CD45RA and CD45RO. Immunology80:553-560.
20.
Bonifati C., Trento E., Carducci M., Sacerdoti G., Mussi A., Fazio M., et al. (1995). Soluble E-selectin and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (60 kD) serum levels in patients with psoriasis. Dermatology190:128-131.
21.
Boudreau N., Sympson CJ, Werb Z., Bissell MJ (1995). Suppression of ICE and apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells by extracellular matrix. Science267:891-893.
22.
Brady HR, Spertini O., Jimenez W., Brenner BM, Marsden PA, Tedder TF (1992). Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes bind to cytokine-activated kidney glomerular endothelial cells through L-selectin (LAM-1) in vitro. J Immunol149:2437-2444.
23.
Brando C., Shevach EM (1995). Engagement of the vitronectin receptor (αvβ3) on murine T-cells stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a 115-kDa protein. J Immunol154:2005-2011.
24.
Brezinschek RI, Lipsky PE, Galea P., Vita R., Oppenheimer-Marks N. (1995). Phenotypic characterization of CD4+ T-cells that exhibit a transendothelial migratory capacity. J Immunol154:3062-3077.
25.
Brustein M., Kraal G., Mebius RE, Watson SR (1992). Identification of a soluble form of a ligand for the lymphocyte homing receptor. J Exp Med176:1415-1419.
26.
Butcher EC (1993). Specificity of leukocyte-endothelial interactions and diapedesis physiologic and therapeutic implications of an active decision process. Res Immunol144:695-698.
27.
Camp RL, Scheynius A., Johansson C., Pure E. ( 1993). CD44 is necessary for optimal contact allergic responses but is not required for normal leukocyte extravasation. J Exp Med178:497-507.
28.
Campanero MR, Sanchez-Mateos P., Del Pozo MA, Sanchez-Madrid F. (1994). ICAM-3 regulates lymphocyte morphology and integrin-mediated T-cell interaction with endothelial cell and extracellular matrix ligands. J Cell Biol127:867-878.
29.
Carlos TM, Harlan JM (1994). Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules. Blood84:2068-2101.
30.
Carr MW, Roth SJ, Luther E., Rose SS, Springer TA (1994). Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 acts as a T-lymphocyte chemoattractant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA91:3652-3656.
31.
Cassell D., Schwartz RH (1994). A quantitative analysis of antigen-presenting cell function: activated B cells stimulate naïve CD4 T-cells but are inferior to dendritic cells in providing costimulation. J Exp Med180:1829-1840.
32.
Cepek KL, Parker CM, Madara JL, Brenner MB (1993). Integrin αEβ7 mediates adhesion of T lymphocytes to epithelial cells. J Immunol150:3459-3470.
33.
Cepek KL, Shaw SK, Parker CM, Russell GJ, Morrow IS, Rimm DL, et al. (1994). Adhesion between epithelial cells and T lymphocytes mediated by E-cadherin and the αEβ7 integrin. Nature372:190-193.
34.
Cerottini JC MacDonald HR (1989). The cellular basis of T-cell memory. Ann Rev Immunol7:77-89.
35.
Chan BMC, Wong JGP, Rao A., Hemler ME (1991). T-cell receptor-dependent, antigen-specific stimulation of a murine T-cell clone induces a transient, VLA protein-mediated binding to extracellular matrix. J Immunol147:398-404.
36.
Chang AC, Salomon DR, Wadsworth S., Hong M.-JP, Mojcik CF, Otto S., et al. (1995). α3β1 and α6β1 integrins mediate laminin/merosin binding and function as costimulatory molecules for human thymocyte proliferation. J Immunol154:500-510.
37.
Clark EA, Brugge IS (1995). Integrins and signal transduction pathways: the road taken. Science268:233-239.
38.
Cronstein BN, Weissman G. (1993). The adhesion molecules in inflammation. Arthr Rheum36:147-157.
39.
Damle NK Klussman K., Leytze G., Myrdal S., Aruffo A., Ledbetter JA, et al. (1994). Costimulation of T lymphocytes with integrin ligands intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 induces functional expression of CTLA-4, a second receptor for B7. J Immunol152:2686-2697.
40.
Danilenko DM, Rossitto PV, Van der Vieren M., Le Trong H. McDonough SP, Affolter VK, et al. (1995). A novel canine leukointegrin, αdβ2, is expressed by specific macrophage subpopulations in tissue and a minor CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulation in peripheral blood. J Immunol155:35-44.
41.
Davis LS, Oppenheimer-Marks N., Bednarczyk JL, McIntyre BW, Lipsky PE (1990). Fibronectin promotes proliferation of naïve and memory T-cells by signalling through both VLA-4 and VLA-5 integrin molecules. J Immunol145:785-793.
42.
De Fougerolles AR, Springer TA (1992) Intercellular adhesion molecule 3, a third adhesion counter-receptor for lymphocyte function-associated molecule 1 on resting lymphocytes. J Exp Med175:185-190.
43.
Diamond MS, Springer TA (1994). The dynamic regulation of integrin adhesiveness. Curr Biol4:506-517.
44.
Dustin ML, Rothlein R., Bhan AK, Dinarello CA, Springer TA (1986). Induction by IL I and interferon-β: tissue distribution, biochemistry, and function of a natural adherence molecule (ICAM-1). J Immunol137:245-254.
45.
Easter DW, Hoyt DB, Ozkan AN (1988). Immunosuppression by a peptide from the gelatin binding domain of human fibronectin. J Surg Res45:370-375.
46.
Elices M.), Tsai V., Strahl D., Goel AS, Tollefson V., Arrhenius T., et al. (1994). Expression and functional significance of alternatively spliced CS 1 fibronectin in rheumatoid arthritis microvasculature. J Clin Invest93:405-416.
47.
Fan S.-T., Mackman N., Cui M.-Z., Edgington TS (1995). Integrin regulation of an inflammatory effector gene: direct induction of the tissue factor promoter by engagement of β1 or α4 integrin chains. J Immunol154:3266-3274.
48.
Faull RJ, Kovach NL, Harlan JM, Ginsberg MH (1994). Stimulation of integrin-mediated adhesion of T lymphocytes and monocytes: two mechanisms with divergent biological consequences. I Exp Med179:1307-1316.
49.
Ferguson TA, Kupper TS (1993). Antigen-independent processes in antigen-specific immunity: a role for a4 integrin. J Immunol150:1172-1182.
50.
Ferguson TA, Mizutani H., Kupper TS (1991). Two integrin-binding peptides abrogate T-cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA88:8072-8076.
51.
Francis GS, Antel JP, Duquette P. (1991). Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. In: Neurology in clinical practice. Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Marsden CD, editors. Boston: Butterworth-Heineman, pp. 1134-1166.
52.
Freedman AS, Rhynhart K., Nojima Y., Svahn J., Eliseo L., Benjamin CD, et al. (1993). Stimulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human B cells after ligation of the β1 integrin VLA-4. J Immunol150:1645-1652.
53.
Friedl P., Noble PB, Zanker KS (1995). T lymphocyte locomotion in a three-dimensional collagen matrix. Expression and function of cell adhesion molecules. J Immunol154:4973-4985.
54.
Fujii Y., Okumura M., Inada K., Nakahara K. (1992). Reversal of CD45R isoform switching in CD8+ T-cells. Cell Immunol139:176-184.
55.
Gilat D., Hershkoviz R., Mekori YA, Vlodavsky I., Lider O. ( 1994). Regulation of adhesion of CD4+ T lymphocytes to intact or heparanase-treated subendothelial extracellular matrix by diffusible or anchored RANTES and MIP-1β. J Immunol153:4899-4906.
56.
Gilat D., Hershkoviz R., Goldkorn I., Cahalon L., Korner G., Vlodavsky I., et al. (1995). Molecular behavior adapts to context: heparanase functions as an extracellular matrixdegarding enzyme or as a T-cell adhesion molecule, depending on the local pH. J Exp Med181:1929-1934.
57.
Godfrey HP (1990). T-cell fibronectin: an unexpected inflammatory lymphokine. Lymphokine Res9:435-447.
58.
Goldman R., Harvey J., Hogg N. ( 1992). VLA-2 is the integrin used as a collagen receptor by leukocytes. Eur J Immunol22:1109-1114.
59.
Griffiths CE (1994). Cutaneous leukocyte trafficking and psoriasis. Arch Dermatol130:494-499.
60.
Groux H., Huet S., Valentin H., Pham D., Bernard A. (1989). Suppressor effects and cyclic AMP accumulation by the CD29 molecule of CD4+ lymphocytes. Nature339:152-154.
61.
Hamann A., Andrew DP, Jablonski-Westrich D., Holzmann B., Butcher EC (1994). Role of a4-integrins in lymphocyte homing to mucosal tissues in vivo. J Immunol152:3282-3293.
62.
Harlan J. (1993). Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome: insights into the molecular basis of leukocyte emigration. Clin Immunol Immunopathol67:S16-S24.
63.
Hauzenberger D., Sundqvist KG (1993). Fibronectin at the lymphocyte surface. Evidence for activation-dependent binding to VLA4 and VLA5 integrins. Scand J Immunol37:87-95.
64.
Hauzenberger D., Klominek J., Sundqvist K-G. (1994). Functional specialization of fibronectin-binding β1integrins in T lymphocyte migration. J Immunol153:960-971.
65.
Hemler ME (1990). VLA proteins in the integrin family: structures, functions, and their role on leukocytes. Ann Rev Immunol8:365-400.
66.
Hemmerich S., Bertozzi CR, Leffler H., Rosen SD (1994). Identification of the sulfated monosaccharides of GlyCAM-1, an endothelial-derived ligand for L-selectin. Biochemistry33:4820-4829.
67.
Hershkoviz R., Alon R., Gilat D., Lider O. ( 1992). Activated T lymphocytes and macrophages secrete fibronectin which strongly supports cell adhesion. Cell Immunol141:352-361.
68.
Hershkoviz R., Cahalon L., Gilat D., Miron S., Miller A., Lider O. (1993). Physically damaged extracellular matrix induces TNF-a secretion by interacting resting CD4+ T-cells and macrophages. Scand J Immunol37:111-115.
69.
Hershkoviz R., Cahalon L., Miron S., Alon R., Sapir T., Akiyama SK, et al. (1994a). TNF-a associated with fibronectin enhances phorbol myristate acetate- or antigen-mediated integrin-dependent adhesion of CD4+ T-cells via protein tyrosine phosphorylation. J Immunol153:554-565.
70.
Hershkoviz R., Greenspoon N., Mekori YA, Hadari R., Alon R., Kapustina G., et al. (1994b). Inhibition of CD4+ T lymphocyte binding to fibronectin and immune-cell accumulation in inflammatory sites by non-peptidic mimetics of Arg-Gly-Asp. Clin Exp Immunol95:270-276.
71.
Hession C., Tizard R., Vassallo C., Schiffer SB, Goff D., Moy P., et al. (1991). Cloning of an alternate form of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). J Biol Chem266:6682-6685.
Horuk R., Wang Z., Peiper SC, Hesselgesser J. (1994). Identification and characterization of a promiscuous chemokine-binding protein in a human erythroleukemic cell line. J Biol Chem269:17730-17733.
74.
Hou S., Doherty PC (1993). Partitioning of responder CD8+ T-cells in lymph node and lung of mice with Sendai virus pneumonia by LECAM-1 and CD45RB phenotype. J Immunol150:5494-5500.
75.
Hourihan H., Allen TD, Ager A. ( 1993). Lymphocyte migration across high endothelium is associated with increases in α4β1 integrin (VLA-4) affinity. J Cell Sci104:1049-1059.
76.
Hruska KA, Rolnick F., Huskey M., Alvarez U., Cheresh D. (1995). Engagement of the osteoclast integrin αvβ3 by osteopontin stimulates phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxyl kinase activity. Endocrinology136:2984-2992.
77.
Huhtala P., Humphries MJ, McCarthy JB, Tremble PM, Werb Z., Damsky CH (1995). Cooperative signaling by α5β1 and α4β1 integrins regulates metalloproteinase gene expression in fibroblasts adhering to fibronectin. J Cell Biol129:867-879.
78.
Huleatt JW, Lefrançois L. (1995). Antigen-driven induction of CD11c on intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and CD8+ T-cells in vivo. J Immunol154:5684-5693.
79.
Hynes RO (1992). Integrins: versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell69:11-25.
80.
Hynes RO (1994). The impact of molecular biology on models for cell adhesion. BioEssays16:663-669.
81.
Imai Y., Lasky LA, Rosen SD (1993). Sulphation requirement for GlyCAM-1, an endothelial ligand for L-selectin. Nature361:555-557.
82.
Issekutz TB (1993). The contributions of integrins to leukocyte infiltration in inflamed tissues. Curr Top Microbiol Immnunol184:177-185.
83.
lalkanen S., Salmi M. (1993). Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1): a new adhesion molecule recruiting lymphocytes to sites of inflammation. Res Immunol144:746-749.
84.
Jones DA, Mcfntire LV, Smith CW, Picker LJ (1994). A twostep adhesion cascade for T-cell/endothelial cell interactions under flow conditions. J Clin Invest94:2443-2450.
85.
Jones EY, Harlos K., Bottomley M.), Robinson RC, Driscoll PC, Edwards RM, et al. (1995). Crystal structure of an integrin-binding fragment of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 at 1.8 A resolution. Nature373:539-544.
86.
Kamata T. Puzon W., Takada Y. (1995). Identification of putative ligand-binding sites of the integrin α4β1 (VLA-4. CD49d/CD29). Biochem J305:945-951.
87.
Kanner SB, Aruffo A., Chan P.-Y (1994). Lymphocyte antigen receptor activation of a focal adhesion kinase-related tyrosine kinase substrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA91:10484-10487.
88.
Kansas GS, Ley K., Munro JM, Tedder TF (1993). Regulation of leukocyte rolling and adhesion to high endothelial venules through the cytoplasmic domain of L-selectin. ) Exp Med177:833-838.
89.
Kapeller R., Cantley LC (1994). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. BioEssays16:565-576.
90.
Karecla PJ, Bowden SJ, Green S.), Kilshaw PJ (1995). Recognition of E-cadherin on epithelial cells by the mucosal T-cell integrin αM290β7 (aEβ7). Eur J Immunol25:852-856.
91.
Kavanaugh AF, Davis LS, Nichols LA, Norris SH, Rothlein R., Scharschmidt LA, et al. (1994). Treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis with a monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Arthr Rheum37:992-999.
92.
Kern F., Docke WD, Reinke P., Volk HD ( 1994). Discordant expression of LFA-1, VLA-4α, VLA-β1, CD45RO and CD28 on T-cell subsets: evidence for multiple subsets of "memory" T-cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol104:17-26.
93.
Kilger G., Needham LA, Nielsen PJ, Clements J., Vestweber D., Holzmann B. (1995). Differential regulation of a4 4 integrin-dependent binding to domains 1 and 4 of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. J Biol Chem270:5979-5984.
94.
Klingemann HG, Tsoi MS, Storb R. (1986). Fibronectin restores defective in vitro proliferation of patients' lymphocytes after marrow grafting. Transplantation42:412-417.
95.
Koopman G., Griffioen AW, Ponta H., Herrlich P., Van den Berg F., Manten-Horst E., et al. (1993). CD44 splice variants: expression on lymphocytes and in neoplasia. Res Immunol144:750-762.
96.
Koopman G., Keehnen RM), Lindhout E., Newman W., Shimizu Y., van Seventer GA, et al. (1994). Adhesion through the LFA-I (CD11a/CD18)-ICAM-1 (CD54) and the VLA-4 (CD49d)-VCAM-1 (CD106) pathways prevents apoptosis of germinal center B cells. J Immunol152:3760-3767.
97.
Laffon A., García-Vicuña R., Humbrfa A., Postigo AA, Corbf AL, De Landazuri MO, et al. (1991). Upregulated expression and function of VLA-4 fibronectin receptors on human activated T-cells in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest88:546-552.
98.
Lasky LA (1995). Selectin-carbohydrate interactions and the initiation of the inflammatory response. Ann Rev Biochem64:113-139.
99.
Lawrence MB, Springer TA (1991). Leukocytes roll on a selectin at physiologic flow rates: distinction from and prerequisite for adhesion through integrins. Cell65:859-873.
100.
Lawrence MB, Berg EL, Butcher EC, Springer TA (1995). Rolling of lymphocytes and neutrophils on peripheral node addressin and subsequent arrest on ICAM-1 in shear flow. Eur J Immunol25:1025-1031.
101.
Lepault F., Gagnerault M-C., Faveeuw C., Boitard C. (1994). Recirculation, phenotype and functions of lymphocytes in mice treated with monoclonal antibody MEL-14. Eur J Immunol24:3106-3112.
102.
Leppert D., Waubant E., Galardy R., Bunnett NW, Hauser SL (1995). T-cell gelatinases mediate basement membrane transmigration in vitro. J Immunol154:4379-4389.
103.
Lesley J., Hyman R., Kincade PW (1993). CD44 and its interaction with extracellular matrix. Adv Immunol54:271-335.
104.
Lesley J., Howes N., Perschl A., Hyman R. (1994). Hyaluronan binding function of CD44 is transiently activated on T-cells during an in vivo immune response. J Exp Med180:383-387
105.
Ley K., Tedder TF, Kansas GS (1993). L-selectin can mediate leukocyte rolling in untreated mesenteric venules in vivo independent of E- or P-selectin. Blood82:1632-1638.
106.
Lider O., Mekori YA, Miller T., Bar-Tana R., Vlodavsky I., Baharav E., et al. (1990). Inhibition of T lymphocyte heparanase by heparin prevents T-cell migration and T-cell-mediated immunity. Eur J Immunol20:493-499.
107.
Lo SK, Lee S., Ramos RA, Lobb R., Rosa M., Chi-Rosso G., et al. (1991). Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule I stimulates the adhesive activity of leukocyte integrin CR3 (CD11b/CD18, Mac-1, αMβ2) on human neutrophils. J Exp Med173:1493-1500
108.
Lollo BA, Chan KWH, Hanson EM, Moy VT, Brian AA (1993). Direct evidence for two affinity states for lymphocyte function-associated antigen I on activated T-cells. J Biol Chem268:21693-21700.
109.
Lopez Rodriguez C., Nueda A., Grospierre B., Sanchez-Madrid F., Fischer A., Springer TA, et al. (1993). Characterization of two new CD 18 alleles causing severe leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Eur J Immunol23:2792-2798.
110.
Lowe PM, Lee ML, Jackson CJ, To SST, Cooper AJ Schrieber L. (1995). The endothelium in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol132:497-505.
111.
Luscinskas FW, Ding H., Lichtman AH (1995). P-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 mediate rolling and arrest, respectively, of CD4+ T lymphocytes on tumor necrosis factor β-activated vascular endothelium under flow. J Exp Med181:1179-1186.
112.
Mackay CR (1992). Migration pathways and immunologic memory among T lymphocytes. Semin Immunol4:51-58.
113.
Mackay CR (1994). The concept of memory T-cells. In: Handbook of T and B lymphocytes. Snow EC, editor. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 159-177.
114.
Makgoba MW, Bernard A., Sanders ME (1992). Cell adhesion/signalling: biology and clinical applications. Eur J Clin Invest22:443-453.
115.
Marlin SD, Springer TA (1987). Purified intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a ligand for lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). Cell51:813-819.
116.
Matsuyama T., Yamada A., Kay J., Yamada KM, Akiyama SK, Schlossman SF, et al. (1989). Activation of CD4 cells by fibronectin and anti-CD3 antibody. A synergistic effect mediated by the VLA-5 fibronectin receptor complex. J Exp Med170:1133-1148.
117.
McCourt PAG, Ek B., Forsberg N., Gustafson S. (1994). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is a cell surface receptor for hyaluronan. J Biol Chem269:30081-30084.
118.
McEver RP (1994). Selectins. Curr Opin Immunol6:75-84.
119.
Metlay JP, Pure E., Steinman RM (1989). Control of the immune response at the level of antigen presenting cells: a comparison of the function of dendritic cells and B lymphocytes. Adv Immunol47:45-116.
120.
Mignati P., Rifkin DB (1993). Biology and biochemistry of proteinases in tumor invasion. Phusiol Rev73:161-195.
121.
Mobley JL, Dailey MO (1992). Regulation of adhesion molecule expression by CD8 T-cells in vivo. 1. Differential regulation of gp90MEL-14 (LECAM-1), Pgp-1, LFA-1, and VLA-4β during the differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by allografts. J Immunol148:2348-2356.
Mobley JL, Rigby SM, Dailey MO (1994). Regulation of adhesion molecule expression by CD8 T-cells in vivo: 11. Expression of L-selectin (CD62L) by memory cytolytic T-cells responding to minor histocompatibility antigens. J Immunol153:5443-5452.
124.
Morino N., Mimura T., Hamasaki K., Tobe K., Ueki K., Kikuchi K., et al. (1995). Matrix/integrin interaction activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase, p44erk-1 and p42erk-2. J Biol Chem270:269-273.
125.
Mosher DF (1990). Physiology of thrombospondin. Ann Rev Med41:85-97.
126.
Moulder K., Roberts K., Shevach EM, Coligan JE (1991). The mouse vitronectin receptor is a T-cell activation antigen. J Exp Med173:343-347.
127.
Moy P., Lobb R., Tizard R., Olson D., Hession C. (1993). Cloning of an inflammation-specific phosphatidyl inositol-linked form of murine vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. J Biol Chem268:8835-8841.
128.
Nojima Y., Rothstein DM, Sugita K., Schlossman SF, Morimoto C. (1992). Ligation of VLA-4 on T-cells stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a 105-kD protein. J Exp Med175:1045-1053.
129.
Nojima Y., Tachibana K., Sato T., Schlossman SF, Morimoto C. (1995). Focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK) is tyrosine phosphorylated after engagement of α4β1 and α5β1 integrins on human T-lymphoblastic cells. Cell Immunol161:8-13.
130.
Oppenheimer-Marks N., Lipsky PE (1995). Leukocyte adhesion and leukocyte traffic in rheumatoid arthritis. In: Mechanisms and models in rheumatoid arthritis. Henderson B, Edwards JCW, Pettipher ER, editors. London: Academic Press Ltd., pp. 221-239.
131.
Osborn L., Hession C., Tizard R., Vassallo C., Luhowskyj S., Chi-Rosso G., et al. (1989). Direct expression cloning of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, a cytokine-induced endothelial protein that binds to lymphocytes. Cell59:1203-1211.
132.
Ostergaard HL, Ma EA (1995). Fibronectin induces phosphorylation of a 120-kDa protein and synergizes with the T-cell receptor to activate cytotoxic T-cell clones. Eur J Immunol25:252-256.
133.
Pardi R., Inverardi L., Bender JR (1992). Regulatory mechanisms in leukocyte adhesion: flexible receptors for sophisticated travelers. Immunol Today13:224-230.
134.
Parker CM, Cepek KL, Russell GJ, Shaw SK, Posnett DN, Schwarting R., et al. (1992). A family of β7 integrins on human mucosal lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA89:1924-1928.
135.
Patel DJ, Gumbiner BM (1995). Zipping together a cell adhesion interface. Nature374:306-307.
136.
Piali L., Hammel P., Uherek C., Bachmann F., Gisler RH, Dunon D., et al. (1995). CD31/PECAM-1 is a ligand for αvβ3 integrin involved in adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium. J Cell Biol130:451-460.
137.
Picker LJ (1994). Control of lymphocyte homing. Curr Opin Immunol6:394-406.
138.
Picker LJ, Butcher EC (1992). Physiological and molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte homing. Ann Rev Immunol10:561-591.
139.
Picker LJ, Nakache M., Butcher EC (1989). Monoclonal antibodies to human lymphocyte homing receptors define a novel class of adhesion molecules on diverse cell types. J Cell Biol109:927-937.
140.
Picker LJ, Warnock RA, Burns AR, Doerschuk CM, Berg EL, Butcher EC (1991). The neutrophil selectin LECAM-1 presents carbohydrate ligands to the vascular selectins ELAM-1 and GMP-140. Cell66:921-933.
141.
Picker LJ, Treer JR, Ferguson-Darnell B., Collins PA, Buck D., Terstappen Lwmm (1993a). Control of lymphocyte recirculation in man: I. Differential regulation of the peripheral lymph node homing receptor L-selectin on T-cells during the virgin to memory cell transition. J Immunol150:1105-1121.
142.
Picker LJ, Treer JR, Ferguson-Darnell B., Collins PA, Bergstresser PR, Terstappen Lwmm (1993b). Control of lymphocyte recirculation in man: II. Differential regulation of the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, a tissue-selective homing receptor for skin-homing T-cells. J Immunol150:1122-1136.
143.
Pietschmann P., Cush JJ, Lipsky PE, Oppenheimer-Marks N. (1992). Identification of subsets of human T-cells capable of enhanced transendothelial migration. J Immunol149:1170-1178.
144.
Pitzalis C., Kingsley G., Panayi G. (1994). Adhesion molecules in rheumatoid arthritis: role in the pathogenesis and prospects for therapy. Ann Rheum Dis53:287-288.
145.
Pober IS, Bevilacqua MP, Mendrick DL, Lapierre LA, Fiers W., Gimbrone MA (1986). Two distinct monokines, interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, each independently induce biosynthesis and transient expression of the same antigen on the surface of cultured human vascular endothelial cells. J Immunol136:1680-1687.
146.
Price TH, Ochs D., Gershoni-Baruch RG (1994). In vivo neutrophil and lymphocyte function studies in a patient with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II. Blood84:1635-1639.
147.
Rabinowich H., Lin W., Manciulea M., Herberman RB, Whiteside TL (1995). Induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human natural killer cells by triggering via α4β1 or α5β1 integrins. Blood85:1858-1864.
148.
Richardson A., Parsons IT (1995). Signal transduction through integrins: a central role for focal adhesion kinase BioEssays17:229-236.
149.
Rodriguez RM, Pitzalis C., Kingsley GH, Henderson E., Humphries MJ, Panayi GS (1992). T lymphocyte adhesion to fibronectin (FN): a possible mechanism for T-cell accumulation in the rheumatoid joint. Clin Exp Immunol89:439-445.
150.
Romanic AM, Madri JA (1994). The induction of 72-kD gelatinase in T-cells upon adhesion to endothelial cells is VCAM-1 dependent. J Cell Biol125:1165-1178.
151.
Ruegg CR Chiquet-Ehrismann R., Alkan SS (1989). Tenascin an extracellular matrix protein, exerts immunomodulatory activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA86:7437-744).
152.
Rybski JA, Lause DB, Reese AC (1989). Effect of fibronectin on antigen-induced lymphoproliferation and antibody synthesis in rats. J Leukoc Biol45:35-45.
153.
Salomon DR, Mojcik CF, Chang AC, Wadsworth S., Adams DH, Coligan JE, et al. (1994). Constitutive activation of integrin α4β1 defines a unique stage of human thymocyte development. J Exp Med179:1573-1584.
154.
Saltini C. Hemler ME, Crystal RG (1988). T lymphocytes compartmentalized on the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract express the very late activation antigen complex VLA-1. Clin Immunol Immunopathol46:221-233.
155.
Sawada M., Nagamine J., Takeda K., Utsumi K., Kosugi A., Tatsumi Y., et al. (1992). Expression of VLA-4 on thymocytes: maturation stage-associated transition and its correlation with their capacity to adhere to thymic stromal cells. J Immunol149:3517-3524.
156.
Schaller MD Parsons IT (1994). Focal adhesion kinase and associated proteins. Curr Opin Cell Biol6:705-710.
157.
Schleiffenbaum B., Spertini O., Tedder TF (1992). Soluble L-selectin is present in human plasma at high levels and retains functional activity. J Cell Biol119:229-238.
158.
Seftor REB, Seftor EA, Gehlsen KR, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Brown PD, Ruoslahti E., et al. (1992). Role of the αvβ3 integrin in human melanoma cell invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA89:1557-1561.
159.
Seltzer JL, Lee A.-Y., Akers KT, Sudbeck B., Southon EA, Wayner EA, et al. (1994). Activation of 72-kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase by normal fibroblasts in collagen lattices is mediated by integrin receptors but is not related to lattice contraction. Exp Cell Res213:365-374.
160.
Shapiro L., Fannon AM, Kwong PD, Thompson A., Lehman MS, Grubel G., et al. (1995). Structural basis of cell-cell adhesion by cadherins. Nature374:327-337.
161.
Shimizu Y., Shaw S. ( 1991). Lymphocyte interactions with extracellular matrix. FASEB J5:2292-2299.
162.
Shimizu Y., Shaw S. ( 1993). Mucins in the mainstream. Nature366:630-631.
163.
Shimizu Y., van Seventer GA, Horgan KJ, Shaw S. ( 1990a). Roles of adhesion molecules in T-cell recognition: fundamental similarities between four integrins on resting human T-cells (LFA-1, VLA-4, VLA-5, VLA-6) in expression, binding, and costimulation. Immunol Rev114:109-143.
164.
Shimizu Y., van Seventer GA, Horgan KJ, Shaw S. ( 1990b). Costimulation of proliferative responses of resting CD4+ T-cells by the interaction of VLA-4 and VLA-5 with fibronectin or VLA-6 with laminin J Immunol145:59-67.
165.
Shimizu Y., van Seventer GA, Horgan KJ, Shaw S. ( 1990c). Regulated expression and binding of three VLA (β1) integrin receptors on T-cells. Nature345:250-253.
166.
Shimizu Y., Shaw S., Graber N., Gopal TV, Horgan KJ, van Seventer GA, et al. (1991). Activation-independent binding of human memory T-cells to adhesion molecule ELAM-1. Nature349:799-802.
167.
Simon SI, Burns AR, Taylor AD, Gopalan PK, Lynam EB, Sklar LA, et al. (1995). L-selectin (CD62L) cross-linking signals neutrophil adhesive functions via the Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) β2-integrin. J Immunol155:1502-1514.
168.
Smith CW, Kishimoto TK, Abbass O., Hughes B., Rothlein R., McIntire LV, et al. (1991). Chemotactic factors regulate lectin adhesion molecule I (LECAM-1)-dependent neutrophil adhesion to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells in vitro. J Clin Invest87:609-618.
169.
Spertini O., Kansas GS, Munro JM, Griffin JD, Tedder TF (1991a). Regulation of leukocyte migration by activation of the leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1) selectin. Nature349:691-694.
170.
Spertini O., Luscinskas FW, Kansas GS, Munro JM, Griffin JD, Gimbrone MA, et al. (1991b). Leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1) interacts with an inducible endothelial cell ligand to support leukocyte adhesion. J Immunol147:2565-2573.
171.
Sprent J. (1994). T and B memory cells. Cell76:315-322.
172.
Springer TA (1994). Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell76:301-314.
173.
Staunton DE, Dustin ML, Springer TA (1989). Functional cloning of ICAM-2, a cell adhesion ligand for LFA-1 homologous to ICAM-1. Nature339:61-64.
174.
Steinman L. (1995). Escape from "Horror Autotoxicus": pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune disease. Cell80:7-10.
175.
Steinman RM (1991). The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Ann Rev Immunol9:271-296.
176.
Streeter PR, Rouse BTN, Butcher EC (1988). Immunohistologic and functional characterization of a vascular addressin involved in lymphocyte homing into peripheral lymph nodes. J Cell Biol107:1853-1862.
177.
Sturmhofel K., Brando C., Martinon F., Shevach EM, Coligan JE (1995). Antigen-independent, integrin-mediated T-cell activation. J Immunol154:2104-2111.
178.
Szekanecz Z., Humphries MJ, Ager A. ( 1992). Lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelium is mediated by two β1 integrin receptors for fibronectin, α4β1 and α5β1. J Cell Sci101:885-894.
179.
Tanaka Y., Albelda SM, Horgan KJ, van Seventer GA, Shimizu Y., Newman W., et al. (1992). CD31 expressed on distinctive T-cell subsets is a preferential amplifier of β1 integrin-mediated adhesion. J Exp Med176:245-253.
Tanaka Y., Adams DH, Shaw S. ( 1993b). Proteoglycans on endothelial cells present adhesion-inducing cytokines to leukocytes. Immunol Today14:111-115.
182.
Tedder TF, Steeber DA, Chen A., Engel P. (1995). The selectins: vascular adhesion molecules. FASEB J9:866-873.
183.
Ticchioni M., Deckert M., Bernard G., Calandra D., Breittmeyer J-P., Imbert V., et al. (1995). Comitogenic effects of very late activation antigens on CD3-stimulated human thymocytes: involvement of various tyrosine kinase pathways. J Immunol154:1207-1215.
184.
Tripp RA, Hou S., Doherty PC (1995). Temporal loss of the activated L-selectin-low phenotype for virus-specific CD8+ memory T-cells. J Immunol154:5870-5875.
185.
Ushiyama S., Laue TM, Moore KL, Erickson HP, McEver RP (1993). Structural and functional characterization of monomeric soluble P-selectin and comparison with membrane P-selectin. J Biol Chem268:15229-15237.
186.
Utsumi K., Sawada M., Narumiya S., Nagamine J., Sakata T., lwagami S., et al. (1991). Adhesion of immature thymocytes to thymic stromal cells through fibronectin molecules and its significance for the induction of thymocyte differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA88:5685-5689.
187.
van Seventer GA, Shimizu Y., Shaw S. ( 1991). Roles of multiple accessory molecules in T-cell activation. Curr Opin Immunol3:294-303.
188.
Vennegoor Cjgm, van de Wiel-van Kemenade E., Huijbens RJF, Sanchez-Madrid F., Melief CJM, Figdor CG (1992). Role of LFA-1 and VLA-4 in the adhesion of cloned normal and LFA-1 (CD11/CD18)-deficient T-cells to cultured endothelial cells: indication for a new adhesion pathway. J Immunol148:1093-1101.
189.
Verhagen AM, Kimpton WG, Nash AD ( 1995). Recirculation of cytolytic T-cells from a single lymph node during an immune response to allogeneic leukocytes. Transplantation59:432-435.
190.
Vlodavsky I., Eldor A., Haimovitz-Friedman A., Matzner Y., Ishai-Michaeli R., Lider O., et al. (1992). Expression of heparanase by platelets and circulating cells of the immune system: Possible involvement in diapedesis and extravasation. Invasion Metastasis12:112-127.
191.
Wakita H., Takigawa M. (1994). E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are critical for initial trafficking of helper-inducer/memory T-cells in psoriatic plaques. Arch Dermatol130:457-463.
192.
Washington EA, Keterelos M., Cahill RNP, Kimpton WG (1994). Differences in tissue-specific homing of αβ and αβ T-cells to gut and peripheral lymph nodes. Int Immunol6:1891-1897.
193.
Wilder RL (1993). Rheumatoid arthritis. A. Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis. In: Primer on the rheumatic diseases. Shumacher HR), editor. Atlanta: The Arthritis Foundation, pp. 86-89.
194.
Witherden DA, Abernathy NJ, Kimpton WJ, Cahill RNP (1994). Changes in thymic export of L-selectin+ αβ and αβ T-cells during fetal and postnatal development. Eur I Immunol24:1234-1239.
195.
Woessner JF (1991). Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitor in connective tissue remodeling. FASEB J5:2145-2154.
196.
Yabkowitz R., Dixit VM, Guo N., Roberts DD, Shimizu Y. (1993). Activated T-cell adhesion to thrombospondin is mediated by the α4β1 (VLA-4) and α5β1 (VLA-5) integrins. I Immunol151:149-158.
197.
Yamada A., Nikaido T., Nojima Y., Schlossman SF, Morimoto C. (1991). Activation of human CD4 T lymphocytes. Interaction of fibronectin with VLA-5 receptor on CD4 cells induces the AP-1 transcription factor. J Immunol146:53-56.
198.
Yednock TA, Cannon C., Fritz LC, Sanchez-Madrid F., Steinman L., Karin N. (1992). Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against α4β1 integrin. Nature356:63-66.
199.
Young AJ, Hay IB, Mackay CR (1993). Lymphocyte recirculation and life span in vivo. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol184:161-173.
