PAF, or platelet-activating factor, is a family of structurally related phospholipids (1-O-alkyl/acyl/alkenyl-2-acetylsn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) which possesses a wide spectrum of potent pro-inflammatory actions. These phospholipids are synthesized by a diverse array of cells, including neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), platelets, mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, and lymphocytes. PAF targets these and other cells via specific, G-protein-coupled receptors to initiate intracrine, autocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine cell activation. Of importance, these unique acetylated phospholipids are frequently synthesized in concert with pro-inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Since PAF synergizes with these and other mediators to amplify the inflammatory response, it seems likely that PAF plays an integral, perhaps pivotal, role in acute and chronic inflammatory processes. PAF is present in the mixed saliva of dentate, but not edentulous, human subjects. The levels of PAF in mixed saliva or in gingival crevicular fluid and tissues are significantly increased during oral inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis and mucositis. Interestingly, the levels of salivary PAF correlate with the extent/severity of these oral diseases. These observations suggest that PAF may participate in pathophysiologic events during the course of oral inflammation. The availability of specific PAF receptor antagonists and human recombinant PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a plasma enzyme which rapidly destroys PAF, should provide clinical tools for the investigation of the role of PAF in these and other inflammatory disorders; and perhaps, ultimately, some of these reagents may prove to be therapeutically useful in the treatment and management of these conditions.
References
1.
Akiyama M., Sugatani J., Suzuki T., Suzuki Y., Miwa M. ( 1998). Identification of a major PAF acetylhydrolase in human serum/plasma as a 43 kDa glycoprotein containing about 9 kDa asparagine-conjugated sugar chain(s). J Biochem123:786-789.
2.
Albrecht U., Abu-Issa R., Ratz B., Hattori M., Aoki Arai H., et al. (1996). Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase expression and activity suggest a link between neuronal migration and platelet-activating factor. Dev Biol180:579-593.
3.
Ammit AJ, O'Neill C. (1997). Studies of the nature of the binding by albumin of platelet-activating factor released from cells. J Biol Chem272:18772-18778.
4.
Antonopoulou S., Demopoulos CA, Argyropoulos D., Baltas G., Kotsifaki H., Diamanti-Kipioti A. (1998). Identification of a new endogenous platelet-activating factor-like molecule in gingival crevicular fluid. Biochem J330:791-794.
5.
Baldo BA, Smal MA, McCaskill AC (1991). A specific, sensitive and high-capacity immunoassay for PAF. Lipids26:1136-1139.
6.
Baltas G., Kotsifaki H., Antonopoulou S., Kipioti A., Demopoulos CA (1996). Implication of PAF and acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) activity in periodontal disease. Adv Exp Med Biol416:135-141.
7.
Bazan NG (1998). The neuromessenger platelet-activating factor in plasticity and neurodegeneration. Progr Brain Res118:281-291.
8.
Bazan NG, Packard MG, Teather L., Allan G. (1997). Bioactive lipids in excitatory neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity. Neurochem Int30:225-231.
9.
Beck J., Garcia R., Heiss G., Vokonas PS, Offenbacher S. (1996). Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol67:1123-1137.
10.
Beck JD, Offenbacher S., Williams R., Gibbs P., Garcia R. (1998). Periodontitis: a risk factor for coronary heart disease? Ann Periodontol3:127-141.
11.
Benveniste J., Henson PM, Cochrane CG (1972). Leukocyte-dependent histamine release from rabbit platelets. The role of IgE, basophils, and a platelet activating factor. J Exp Med136:1356-1377.
12.
Bito H., Honda Z., Nakamura M., Shimizu T. (1994). Cloning, expression and tissue distribution of rat platelet-activating factor receptor CDNA. Eur J Biochem221:211-218.
Chao W., Olson MS (1993). Platelet-activating factor: receptors and signal transduction. Biochem J292:617-629.
15.
Christman BW, Blair IA (1989). Analysis of platelet activating factor in human saliva by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom18:258-264.
16.
Clay KL, Murphy RC, Andres JL, Lynch L., Henson PM (1984). Structure elucidation of platelet activating factor derived from human neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun121:815-825.
17.
Cooney SJ, Smal MA, Baldo BA (1991a). Quantitation by radioimmunoassay of PAF in human saliva. Lipids26:1140-1143.
18.
Cooney SJ, Smal MA, Baldo BA (1991b). Stability of platelet activating factor (PAF) in human saliva. Quantitation by radioimmunoassay. Clin Chim Acta200:161-173.
19.
Cox CP, Wardlow ML, Jorgensen R., Farr RS ( 1981). The presence of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in normal human mixed saliva. J Immunol127:46-50.
20.
Cundell DR, Gerard NP, Gerard C., Idanpaan-Heikkila I., Tuomanen EI (1995). Streptococcus pneumoniae anchor to activated human cells by the receptor for platelet-activating factor. Nature377:435-438.
21.
Cundell DR, Gerard C., Idanpaan-Heikkila I., Tuomanen EI, Gerard NP (1996). PAF receptor anchors Streptococcus pneumoniae to activating human endothelial cells. Adv Exp Med Biol416:89-94.
22.
Daly C., Mitchell D., Grossberg D., Highfield J., Stewart D. (1997). Bacteraemia caused by periodontal probing. Aust Dent J42:77-80.
23.
Demopoulos CA, Pinckard RN, Hanahan DJ (1979). Platelet activating factor (PAF): evidence for 1-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine as the active component (a new class of lipid chemical mediators). J Biol Chem254:9355-9358.
24.
Dennis EA (1997). The growing phospholipase A2 super-family of signal transduction enzymes. Trends Biochem Sci22:1-2.
25.
Derewenda ZS, Derewenda U. (1998). The structure and function of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases. Cell Mole Life Sci54:446-455.
26.
Diaz R., Rasheed A., Meador H., McManus LM (1990). Salivary PAF in maintenance and refractory periodontitis patients (abstract). J Dent Res69 (Spec Iss):220.
27.
Dohi T., Morita K., Kitayama S., Tsujimoto A. (1991). Calcium-dependent biosynthesis of platelet-activating factor by submandibular gland cells. Biochem J276:175-182.
28.
Dohi T., Itandani K., Yamaki H., Akagawa Y., Morita K., Kitayama S. (1996). Platelet-activating factor synthesis and its role in salivary glands. Adv Exp Med Biol416:41-44.
29.
Dohi T., Itadani K., Yamaki H., Akagawa Y., Morita K., Kitayama S. (1997). Stimulation of platelet-activating factor synthesis by neurotransmitters in salivary glands. J Dent Res76:568-574.
30.
Domenech C., Domenech EM-D, Soling H-D. (1987). Regulation of acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O2-acetyltransferase (lyso-PAF-acetyl-transferase) in exocrine glands. Evidence for an activation via phosphorylation by calcium/calmodulindependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem262:5671-5676.
31.
Erickson PR, Herzberg MC (1999). Emergence of antibiotic resistant Streptococcus sanguis in dental plaque of children after frequent antibiotic therapy. Pediatr Dent21:181-185.
32.
Evangelou AM (1994). Platelet-activating factor (PAF): implications for coronary heart and vascular diseases. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids50:1-28.
33.
Farr RS, Cox CP, Wardlow ML, Jorgensen R. (1980). Preliminary studies of an acid-labile factor (ALF) in human sera that inactivates platelet-activating factor (PAF). Clin Immunol Immunopathol15:318-330.
34.
Farr RS, Wardlow ML, Cox CP, Meng KE, Greene DE (1983). Human serum acid-labile factor is an acylhydrolase that inactivates platelet-activating factor. Fed Proc42:3120-3122.
35.
Feuerstein G., Rabinovici R., Leor J., Winkler JD, Vonhof S. (1997). Platelet-activating factor and cardiac diseases: therapeutic potential for PAF inhibitors. I Lipid Mediators Cell Signaling15:255-284.
36.
Fink MP ( 1998). Therapeutic options directed against platelet activating factor, eicosanoids and bradykinin in sepsis. J Antimicrob Chemother41:81-94.
37.
Fisher FJ, Talwar HS, Ryder NS, Voorhees JJ (1989). Differential activation of human skin cells by platelet activating factor: stimulation of phosphoinositide turnover and arachidonic acid mobilization in keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun163:1344-1350.
38.
FitzGerald GA (1997). Cigarettes and the wages of sn-2: oxidized species of PAF in smoking hamsters. J Clin Invest99:2300-2301.
39.
Gander DL, Choy H., Redding SW, Luce EB, Prihoda TJ, Woodard DS, et al. (1993). Salivary PAF, an inflammatory mediator in radiation-induced oral mucositis (abstract). J Dent Res72(Spec Iss):286.
40.
Garcia Rodriguez C., Cundell DR, Tuomanen EI, Kolakowski LF Jr, Gerard C., Gerard NP (1995). The role of N-glycosylation for functional expression of the human platelet-activating factor receptor. Glycosylation is required for efficient membrane trafficking. J Biol Chem270:25178-25184.
41.
Garito ML, Prihoda TJ, McManus LM (1995). Salivary PAF levels correlate with the severity of periodontal inflammation. J Dent Res74:1048-1056.
Halonen M., Palmer JD, Lohman IC, McManus LM, Pinckard RN (1980). Respiratory and circulatory alterations induced by acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine, a mediator of IgE anaphylaxis in the rabbit. Am Rev Resp Dis128:915-924.
44.
Hanahan DJ, Demopoulos CA, Liehr J., Pinckard RN (1980). Identification of platelet-activating factor isolated from rabbit basophils as acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine. J Biol Chem255:5514-5516.
45.
Hattori K., Adachi H., Matsuzawa A., Yamamoto K., Tsujimoto M., Aoki J., et al. (1996). CDNA cloning and expression of intracellular platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase. II. Its homology with plasma PAF acetylhydrolase. J Biol Chem271:33032-33038.
46.
Hattori M., Adachi H., Tsujimoto M., Arai H., Inoue K. (1994). The catalytic subunit of bovine brain platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase is a novel type of serine esterase. J Biol Chem269:23150-23155.
47.
Heery JM, Kozak M., Stafforini DM, Jones DA, Zimmerman GA, Mclntyre TM, et al. (1995). Oxidatively modified LDL contains phospholipids with platelet-activating factor-like activity and stimulates the growth of smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest96:2322-2330.
48.
Herzberg MC, Meyer MW (1996). Effects of oral flora on platelets: possible consequences in cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol67:1138-1142.
49.
Ho YS, Swenson L., Derewenda U., Serre L., Wei Y., Dauter Z., et al. (1997). Brain acetylhydrolase that inactivates platelet-activating factor is a G-protein-like trimer. Nature385:89-93.
50.
Honda Z.-I, Nakamura M., Miki I., Minami M., Watanabe T., Seyama Y., et al. (1991). Cloning of functional expression of platelet-activating factor receptor from guinea-pig lung. Nature349:342-346.
51.
Hwang S-B. (1994). Platelet-activating factor: receptors and receptor antagonists. In: The handbook of immunopharmacology-lipid mediators. Cunningham FM, editor. London: Academic Press, pp. 297-360.
52.
Ishii S., Matsuda Y., Nakamura M., Waga I., Kume K., Izumi T., et al. (1996). A murine platelet-activating factor receptor gene: cloning, chromosomal isolation and up-regulation of expression by lipopolysaccharide in peritoneal resident macrophages. Biochem J314:671-678.
53.
Ishii S., Nagase T., Tashiro F., Ikuta K., Sato S., Waga I., et al. (1997). Bronchial hyperreactivity, increased endotoxin lethality and melanocytic tumorigenesis in transgenic mice overexpressing platelet-activating factor receptor. EMBO J16:133-142.
54.
Ishii S., Kuwaki T., Nagase T., Maki K., Tashiro F., Sunaga S., et al. (1998). Impaired anaphylactic responses with intact sensitivity to endotoxin in mice lacking a platelet-activating factor receptor. J Exp Med187:1779-1788.
55.
Izumi T., Shimizu T. (1995). Platelet-activating factor receptor: gene expression and signal transduction. Biochim Biophys Acta1259:317-333.
Izzo AA ( 1996). PAF and the digestive tract. A review. J Pharm Pharmacol48:1103-1111.
58.
Janero DR, Burghardt B., Burghardt C. (1988). Radioligand competitive binding methodology for the evaluation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and PAFreceptor antagonism using intact canine platelets. J Pharmacol Meth20:237-253.
Jones KP, Reynolds SP, Gray M., Hughes KT, Rolf S., Davies BH (1994). Salivary PAF in acute myocardial infarction and angina: changes during hospital treatment and relationship to cardiac enzymes. Thromb Res75:503-511.
61.
Knox KW, Hunter N. (1991). The role of oral bacteria in the pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Aust Dent J36:286-292.
62.
Koltai M., Guinot P., Hosford D., Braquet PG (1994). Platelet-activating factor antagonists: scientific background and possible clinical applications. Adv Pharmacol28:81-167.
63.
Krause S., Brachmann P., Brandes C., Losche W., Hoffmann T., Gangler P. (1990). Aggregation behaviour of blood granulocytes in patients with periodontal disease. Arch Oral Biol35:75-77.
64.
Kroegel C., Yakawa T., Westwick J., Barnes PJ (1989). Evidence for two platelet activating factor receptors on eosinophils: dissociation between PAF-induced intracellular calcium mobilization and degranulation and superoxides anion generation in eosinophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun162:511-521.
65.
Kroegel C., Virchow J-C. Jr, Luttmann W., Walker C., Warner JA (1994). Pulmonary immune cells in health and disease: the eosinophil leucocyte. Eur Resp J7:519-543.
66.
Kulikov VI, Muzya GI (1997). Ether lipids and platelet-activating factor: evolution and cellular function. Biochem62:1103-1108.
67.
Kulikov VI, Muzya GI (1998). The bioregulatory role of platelet-activating factor in intracellular processes and cell-cell interactions. Biochem63:47-54.
68.
Lehr HA, Weyrich AS, Saetzler RK, Jurek A., Arfors KE, Zimmerman GA, et al. (1997). Vitamin C blocks inflammatory platelet-activating factor mimetics created by cigarette smoking. J Clin Invest99:2358-2364.
69.
LeVan TD, Dow SB, Chase PB, Bloom JW, Regan JW, Cunningham E., et al. (1997). Evidence for platelet-activating factor receptor subtypes on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes. Biochem Pharmacol54:1007-1012.
70.
Ludwig JC, Pinckard RN (1987). Diversity in the chemical structures of neutrophil-derived platelet-activating factors. In: New horizons in platelet activating factor research. Winslow CM, Lee JL, editors. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 57-71.
71.
Ludwig JC, McManus LM, Clark PO, Hanahan DJ, Pinckard RN (1984). Modulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesis and release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN): role of extracellular calcium. Arch Biochem Biophys232:102-110.
72.
Ludwig JC, Hoppens C., McManus LM, Mott GE, Pinckard RN (1985). Modulation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesis and release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN): role of extracellular albumin. Arch Biochem Biophys241:237-247.
73.
Maclennan KM, Smith PF, Darlington CL (1996). Platelet-activating factor in the CNS. Prog Neurobiol50:585-596.
74.
Mathiak G., Szewczyk D., Abdullah F., Ovadia P., Rabinovici R. (1997). Platelet-activating factor (PAF) in experimental and clinical sepsis. Shock7:391-404.
75.
Matsuzawa A., Hattori K., Aoki J., Arai H., Inoue K. (1997). Protection against oxidative stress-induced cell death by intracellular platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase. II. J Biol Chem272:32315-32320.
McManus LM, Hanahan DJ, Demopoulos CA, Pinckard RN (1980). Pathobiology of the intravenous infusion of acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine (AGPEC), a synthetic platelet-activating factor (PAF), in the rabbit. J Immunol124:2919-2924.
78.
McManus LM, Marze BT, Schiess AV (1990). Deficiency of salivary PAF in edentulous individuals. I Periodont Res25:347-351.
79.
McManus LM, Ostrom KK, Lear C., Luce EB, Gander DL, Pinckard RN, et al. (1993a). Radiation-induced increased platelet-activating factor activity in mixed saliva. Lab Invest68:118-124.
Minhas BS, Ripps BA, Zhu YP, Kim HN, Burwinkel TH, Gleicher N. (1996). Platelet activating factor and conception. Am J Reprod Immunol35:267-271.
82.
Miwa M., Miyake T., Yamanaka T., Sugatani J., Suzuki Y., Sakata S. (1988). Characterization of serum platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase. J Clin Invest82:1983-1991.
83.
Morris SM, Albrecht U., Reiner O., Eichele G., Yu-Lee LY (1998). The lissencephaly gene product Lis 1, a protein involved in neuronal migration, interacts with a nuclear movement protein, NudC. Curr Biol8:603-606.
84.
Mueller HW, O'Flaherty IT, Wykle RL (1984). The molecular species distribution of platelet-activating factor synthesized by rabbit and human neutrophils. J Biol Chem259:14554-14559.
85.
Muguruma K., Gray PW, Tjoelker LW, Johnston JM (1997). The central role of PAF in necrotizing enterocolitis development. Adv Exp Med Biol407:379-382.
86.
Nakamura M., Honda Z.-i, Izumi T., Sakanaka C., Mutoh H., Minami M., et al. (1991). Molecular cloning and expression of platelet-activating factor receptor from human leukocytes. J Biol Chem266:20400-20405.
87.
Narahara H., Toyoshima K., Johnston JM (1996). Role of platelet-activating factor in parturition. Adv Exp Med Biol416:269-275.
88.
Negro Alvarez JM, Miralles Lopez JC, Ortiz Martinez JL, Abellan Aleman A., Rubio del Barrio R. (1997). Platelet-activating factor antagonists. Allergol Immunopathol25:249-258.
89.
Noguchi K., Morita I., Murota S. (1989). The detection of platelet-activating factor in inflamed human gingival tissues. Arch Oral Biol34:37-41.
90.
O'Neill C. (1998). Autocrine mediators are required to act on the embryo by the 2-cell stage to promote normal development and survival of mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro. Biol Reprod58:1303-1309.
91.
Oda M., Satouchi K., Yasunaga K., Saito K. (1985). Molecular species of platelet-activating factor generated by human neutrophils challenged with ionophore A23187. J Immunol134:1090-1093.
92.
Offenbacher S., Collins JG, Heasman PA (1993). Diagnostic potential of host response mediators. Adv Dent Res7:175-181.
93.
Offenbacher S., Jared HL, O'Reilly PG, Wells SR, Salvi GE, Lawrence HP, et al. (1998). Potential pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis associated pregnancy complications. Ann Petiodontol3:233-250.
94.
Okuda K., Ebihara Y. (1998). Relationships between chronic oral infectious diseases and systemic diseases. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll39:165-174.
95.
Patel KD, Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM, Mclntyre TM (1992). Novel leukocyte agonists are released by endothelial cells exposed to peroxide. J Biol Chem267:15168-15175.
96.
Pinckard RN, McManus LM, Hanahan DJ (1982). Chemistry and biology of acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine (platelet-activating factor). Adv Inflammation Res4:147-180.
97.
Pinckard RN, Jackson EM, Hoppens C., Weintraub ST, Ludwig JC, McManus LM, et al. (1984). Molecular heterogeneity of platelet-activating factor produced by stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun122:325-332.
98.
Pinckard RN, Ludwig JC, McManus LM (1988). Platelet-activating factors. In: Inflammation: basic principles and clinical correlates. Gallin JI. Goldstein IM, Snyderman R, editors. New York: Raven Press, pp. 139-167.
99.
Pinckard RN, Showell HJ, Castillo R., Lear C., Breslow R., McManus LM, et al. (1992). Differential responsiveness of human neutrophils to the autocrine actions of 1-O-alkyl-homologs and 1-acyl-analogs of platelet-activating factor (PAF). J Immunol148:3528-3535.
Pinckard RN, Woodard DS, Weintraub ST, McManus LM (1997). Qualitative and quantitative assessment of platelet-activating factors. In: Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Vol. 126. Platelets and their factors. von Bruchhausen F, Walter W, editors. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 507-527.
102.
Powell CA, Mealey BL, Lear C., Pinckard RN, Woodard DS, McManus LM (1994). Molecular heterogeneity of salivary PAF in periodontal health and disease (abstract). J Dent Res73 (Spec Iss):379.
103.
Prescott SM (1997). Inflammatory actions of platelet-activating factor: control by PAF acetylhydrolase. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol7:416.
104.
Prescott SM, Mclntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Stafforini DM (1996). Inflammation as an early component of atherosclerosis and vascular damage-a role for P-selectin and platelet-activating factor. Jpn Circ J60:137-141.
105.
Prescott, SM, Zimmerman GA, McIntyre TM, Stafforini DM (1997). Inflammation in the vascular wall as an early event in atherosclerosis. Diabetol40:S111-S112.
106.
Ramesha CS, Pickett WC (1987a). Human neutrophil platelet-activating factor: molecular heterogeneity in unstimulated and ionophore-stimulated cells. Biochim Biophys Acta921:60-66.
107.
Ramesha CS, Pickett WC (1987b). Species-specific variations in the molecular heterogeneity of the platelet-activating factor. J Immunol138:1559-1563.
108.
Rasch MS, Mealey BL, Prihoda TJ, Woodard DS, McManus LM (1995). The effect of initial periodontal therapy on salivary platelet-activating factor levels in chronic adult periodontitis. J Periodontol66:613-623.
109.
Rasheed A., McManus LM (1990). Crevicular fluid PAF in human periodontitis patients (abstract). J Dent Res69(Spec Iss):220.
110.
Reiner O., Sapir T. (1998). Abnormal cortical development; towards elucidation of the LIS1 gene product function (review). Int J Mol Med1:849-853.
111.
Ribaldi E., Guerra M., Mezzasoma AM, Staffolani N., Goracci G., Gresele P. (1998). PAF levels in saliva are regulated by inflammatory cells. J Periodont Res33:237-241.
112.
Ring A., Weiser IN, Tuomanen EI (1998). Pneumococcal trafficking across the blood-brain barrier. Molecular analysis of a novel bidirectional pathway. J Clin Invest102:347-360.
113.
Satouchi K., Oda M., Saito K. (1987). I-Acyl-2-acetyl-snglycero-3-phosphocholine from stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lipids22:285-287.
114.
Shimada A., Ota Y., Sugiyama Y., Sato S., Kume K., Shimizu T., et al. (1998). In situ expression of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-receptor gene in rat skin and effects of PAF on proliferation and differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol110:889-893.
115.
Shimizu T., Mutoh H. (1997). Structure and regulation of platelet activating factor receptor gene. Adv Exp Med Biol407:197-204.
116.
Silver RK, Caplan MS, Kelly AM (1992). Amniotic fluid platelet-activating factor (PAF) is elevated in patients with tocolytic failure and preterm delivery. Prostaglandins43:181-187.
117.
Smal MA, Baldo BA (1991). Inhibitor(s) of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in human saliva. Lipids26:1144-1147.
118.
Smal MA, Baldo BA, McCaskill A. (1990). A specific, sensitive radioimmunoassay for platelet-activating factor (PAF). J Immunol Meth128:183-188.
119.
Smiley PL, Stremler KE, Prescott SM, Zimmerman GA, Mclntyre TM (1991). Oxidatively fragmented phosphatidylcholines activate human neutrophils through the receptor for platelet-activating factor. J Biol Chem266:11104-11110.
120.
Snyder F. (1994). Metabolic processing of PAF Clin Rev Allergy12:309-328.
121.
Snyder F. (1995a). Platelet-activating factor and its analogs: metabolic pathways and related intracellular processes. Biochim Biophys Acta1254:231-249.
122.
Snyder F. (1995b). Platelet-activating factor: the biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes. Biochem J305:689-705.
123.
Snyder F. (1997). CDP-choline:alkylacetylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase catalyzes the final step in the de novo synthesis of platelet-activating factor. Biochim Biophys Acta1348:111-116.
124.
Soling H.-D, Fest W. ( 1986). Synthesis of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet-activating factor) in exocrine glands and its control by secretagogues. J Biol Chem261:13916-13922.
125.
Soling H.-D, Eibl H., Fest W. ( 1984). Acetylcholine-like effects of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine ('platelet-activating factor') and its analogues in exocrine secretory glands. Eur J Biochem144:65-72.
126.
Stafforini DM, Prescott SM, Mclntyre TM (1983). Human plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase: purification and properties. I Biol Chem262:4223-4230.
127.
Stafforini DM, Prescott SM, Zimmerman GA, Mclntyre TM (1989). Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in human tissues and blood cells. Lipids26:979-985.
128.
Stafforini DM, Zimmerman GA, Mclntyre TM, Prescott SM (1992). The platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase from human plasma prevents oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. Trans Assoc Am Physicians105:44-63.
Stafforini DM, Satoh K., Atkinson DL, Tjoelker LW, Eberhardt C., Yoshida H., et al. (1996b). Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase deficiency. A missense mutation near the active site of an anti-inflammatory phospholipase. J Clin Invest97:2784-2791.
Stewart AG (1994). Biological properties of platelet-activating factor. In: The handbook of immunopharmacology-lipid mediators. Cunningham FM, editor. London: Academic Press, pp. 221-295.
Tanaka T., Minamino H., Unezaki S., Tsukatani H., Tokumura A. (1993). Formation of platelet-activating factor-like phospholipids by Fe2+/ascorbate/EDTA-induced lipid peroxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta1166:264-274.
135.
Tanaka T., Iimori M., Tsukatani H., Tokumura A. (1994). Platelet-aggregating effects of platelet-activating factor-like phospholipids formed by oxidation of phosphatidylcholines containing an sn-2-polyunsaturated fatty acyl group. Biochim Biophys Acta1210:202-208.
136.
Tessner TG, Wykle RL (1987). Stimulated neutrophils produce an ethanolamine plasmalogen analog of platelet-activating factor. J Biol Chem262:12660-12664.
137.
Tetta C., Mariano F., Buades J., Ronco C., Wratten ML, Camussi G. (1997). Relevance of platelet-activating factor in inflammation and sepsis: mechanisms and kinetics of removal in extracorporeal treatments. Am I Kid Dis30:S57-65.
138.
Tew DG, Southan C., Rice SQ, Lawrence MP, Li H., Boyd HF, et al. (1996). Purification, properties, sequencing, and cloning of a lipoprotein-associated, serine-dependent phospholipase involved in the oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins. Arteriosclerosis Thromb Vasc Biol16:591-599.
139.
Tjoelker LW, Eberhardt C., Unger J., Trong HL, Zimmerman GA, Mclntyre TM, et al. (1995a). Plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase is a secreted phospholipase A2 with a catalytic triad. J Biol Chem270:25481-25487.
140.
Tjoelker LW, Wilder C., Eberhardt C., Stafforini DM, Dietsch G., Schimpf B., et al. (1995b). Anti-inflammatory properties of a platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Nature374:549-553.
141.
Tjoelker LW, Eberhardt C., Wilder C., Dietsch G., Trong HL, Cousens LS, et al. (1996). Functional and structural features of plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Adv Exp Med Biol416:107-111.
142.
Tokumura A. (1995). A family of phospholipid autacoids: occurrence, metabolism and bioaction. Progr Lipid Res34:151-184.
143.
Tokumura A., Tanaka T., Yotsumoto T., Tsukatani H. (1991). Identification of sn-2-omega-hydroxycarboxylate-containing phospholipids in a lipid extract from bovine brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun177:466-473.
144.
Tokumura A., Tanaka T., Yotsumoto T., Tsukatani H. (1992). Formation of PAF-like compounds by peroxidation of phospholipids from bovine brain. J Lipid Mediators5:127-130.
145.
Tokumura A., Toujima M., Yoshioka Y., Fukuzawa K. (1996). Lipid peroxidation in low density lipoproteins from human plasma and egg yolk promotes accumulation of 1-acyl analogues of platelet-activating factor-like lipids. Lipids31:1251-1258.
146.
Toyoshima K., Narahara H., Furukawa M., Frenkel RA, Johnston JM (1995). Platelet-activating factor. Role in fetal lung development and relationship to normal and premature labor. Clin Perinatol22:263-280.
147.
Travers JB, Huff JC, Rola-Pleszczynski M., Gelfand EW, Morelli JG, Murphy RC (1995). Identification of functional platelet-activating factor receptors on human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol105:816-823.
148.
Travers JB, Harrison KA, John CA, Clay KL, Morelli JG (1996). Platelet-activating factor biosynthesis induced by various stimuli in human HaCaT keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol107:88-94.
149.
Travers JB, Johnson C., Clay KL, Harrison K., Zekman T., Morelli JG, et al. (1997). Identification of sn-2 acetyl glycerophosphocholines in human keratinocytes. J Lipid Mediators Cell Signal16:139-145.
150.
Triggiani M., Schleimer RP, Warner JA, Chilton FH (1991). Differential synthesis of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and platelet-activating factor by human inflammatory cells. J Immunol147:660-666.
151.
Wardlow ML (1985). Rapid isocratic procedure for the separation of platelet-activating factor from phospholipids in human saliva by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatog342:380-384.
152.
Weintraub ST, Satsangi RK, Sprague EA, Prihoda TJ, Pinckard RN (2000). Mass spectrometric analysis of platelet-activating factor after isolation by solid-phase extraction and direct derivatization with pentafluorobenzoic anhydride. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom11:176-181.
153.
Wiebe SH, Hafezi M., Sandhu HS, Sims SM, Dixon SJ (1996). Osteoclast activation in inflammatory periodontal disease. Oral Dis2:167-180.
154.
Wood DA, Hapak LK, Sims SM, Dixon SJ (1991). Direct effects of platelet-activating factor on isolated rat osteoclasts. J Biol Chem266:15369-15376.
155.
Woodard DS, Ostrom KK, McManus LM (1995a). Lipid inhibitors of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in normal human plasma. J Lipid Mediators Cell Signal12:11-28.
156.
Woodard DS, Mealey BL, Lear CS, Satsangi RK, Prihoda TJ, Weintraub ST, et al. (1995b). Molecular heterogeneity of PAF in normal human mixed saliva: quantitative mass spectral analysis after direct derivatization of PAF with pentafluorobenzoic anhydride. Biochim Biophys Acta1259:137-147.
157.
Wucherpfennig AL, Dewhirst FE, Stashenko P. (1993). Platelet activating factor increases intracellular calcium in isolated osteoclasts but does not modify bone resorption. Bone14:13-18.
158.
Yamada Y., Ichihara S., Fujimura T., Yokota M. (1998). Identification of the G994-> T missense in exon 9 of the plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase gene as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease in Japanese men. Metabolism: Clin Exp47:177-181.
159.
Ye RD, Prossnitz ER, Zou A., Cochrane CG (1991). Characterization of a human CDNA that encodes a functional receptor for platelet activating factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun180:105-111.
160.
Zheng ZG, Wood DA, Sims SM, Dixon SJ (1993). Platelet-activating factor stimulates resorption by rabbit osteoclasts in vitro. Am J Physiol264:E74-E81.
161.
Zimmerman GA, Lorant DE, McIntyre TM, Prescott SM (1993). Juxtacrine intracellular signaling: another way to do it. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol9:573-577.
162.
Zimmerman GA, Mclntyre TM, Prescott SM (1997). Adhesion and signaling in vascular cell-cell interactions. J Clin Invest100:S3-5.
