The thermal protection structure (TPS) of the aircraft is highly susceptible to impact events from foreign objects, which may cause significant risk to the safe flight of the aircraft. This paper presents an impact localization method based on a hybrid kernel extreme learning machine (HKELM). The impact signal is firstly processed by the Short Term/Long Term Average (STA/LTA) ratio method and the time of arrival (TOA) of the guided wave is further extracted by the Akaike information criterion (AIC) method, which is used as the input of the neural network. The impact position is used as the output of the neural network to train the HKELM model. The hyperparameters of the HKELM are optimized by using the immune particle swarm algorithm (IPSO). Meanwhile, the local outlier factor (LOF) algorithm is used to detect the abnormal data, and a data reconstruction method based on the correlation coefficient is proposed to correct abnormal data. Finally, the localization results demonstrate the validity of the anomaly detection algorithm and the IPSO-HKELM network model.
AlsiniRAlmakrabAIbrahimA, et al. (2021) Improving the outlier detection method in concrete mix design by combining the isolation forest and local outlier factor. Construction and Building Materials270: 121396.
2.
BaerMKradolferU (1987) An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America77(4): 1437–1445.
3.
BauerEKohaviR (1999) An empirical comparison of voting classification algorithms: Bagging, boosting, and variants. Machine Learning36(1): 105–139.
4.
BenestyJChenJHuangY, et al. (2009) Pearson correlation coefficient. In: CohenIHuangYChenJ, et al. (eds) Noise Reduction in Speech Processing. Berlin: Springer, pp.1–4.
5.
BreunigMMKriegelH-PNgRT, et al. (2000) LOF: Identifying density-based local outliers. In: The 2000 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data, Dallas, TX, 15–18 May, pp.93–104. New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
6.
ChenBHeiCLuoMZ, et al. (2018) Pipeline two-dimensional impact location determination using time of arrival with instant phase (TOAIP) with piezoceramic transducer array. Smart Materials and Structures27(10): 105003.
7.
CiampaFMeoM (2010a) Acoustic emission source localization and velocity determination of the fundamental mode A0 using wavelet analysis and a Newton-based optimization technique. Smart Materials and Structures19(4): 045027.
8.
CiampaFMeoM (2010b) A new algorithm for acoustic emission localization and flexural group velocity determination in anisotropic structures. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing41(12): 1777–1786.
9.
CiampaFMeoMBarbieriE (2012) Impact localization in composite structures of arbitrary cross section. Structural Health Monitoring11(6): 643–655.
10.
DziendzikowskiMKurnytaADraganK, et al. (2016) In situ Barely Visible Impact Damage detection and localization for composite structures using surface mounted and embedded PZT transducers: A comparative study. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing78: 91–106.
11.
HuangGBZhuQYSiewCK (2004) Extreme learning machine: A new learning scheme of feedforward neural networks. In: IEEE international joint conference on neural networks (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37541), Budapest, Hungary, 25–29 July, pp.985–990. New York: IEEE.
12.
HuangGBZhuQYSiewCK (2006) Extreme learning machine: Theory and applications. Neurocomputing70(1–3): 489–501.
13.
JiangMSLuSZSuiQM, et al. (2015) Low velocity impact localization on CFRP based on FBG sensors and ELM algorithm. IEEE Sensors Journal15(8): 4451–4456.
14.
KalhoriHYeLMustaphaS (2017) Inverse estimation of impact force on a composite panel using a single piezoelectric sensor. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures28(6): 799–810.
15.
LeVTSan HaNGooNS (2021) Advanced sandwich structures for thermal protection systems in hypersonic vehicles: A review. Composites Part B-Engineering226: 109301.
16.
LuJWangBLiangD (2013) Wavelet packet energy characterization of low velocity impacts and load localization by optical fiber Bragg grating sensor technique. Applied Optics52(11): 2346–2452.
17.
LvLWangWHZhangZY, et al. (2020) A novel intrusion detection system based on an optimal hybrid kernel extreme learning machine. Knowledge-Based Systems195: 105648.
18.
MaedaN (1985) A method for reading and checking phase times in autoprocessing system of seismic wave data. Zisin38: 365–379.
MorseLKhodaeiZSAliabadiMH (2018) Reliability based impact localization in composite panels using Bayesian updating and the Kalman filter. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing99: 107–128.
21.
SenoAHAliabadiMHF (2019) Impact localisation in composite plates of different stiffness impactors under simulated environmental and operational conditions. Sensors (Basel)19(17): 3659.
22.
Sharif KhodaeiZFerri AliabadiMH (2018) Impact detection and identification with piezoceramic sensors: Passive sensing. In: Ferri AliabadiMHSharif KhodaeiZ (eds) Structural Health Monitoring for Advanced Composite Structures. Singapore: World Scientific, pp.215–265.
23.
Sharif-KhodaeiZGhajariMAliabadiMH (2012) Determination of impact location on composite stiffened panels. Smart Materials and Structures21(10): 105026.
24.
TianZLiSWangY, et al. (2018) Wind power prediction method based on hybrid kernel function support vector machine. Wind Engineering42(3): 252–264.
25.
YalcinkayaHOzevinD (2013) The design and calibration of particular geometry piezoelectric acoustic emission transducer for leak detection and localization. Measurement Science and Technology24(9): 095103.
26.
YuJZengJZhangJ, et al. (2016) Short-time energy characterization of low velocity impact localization method on CFRP using FBG sensors. In: Asia-Pacific optical sensors conference, 11–14 October, Shanghai, China, paper Tu4A.7. Optica Publishing Group. Washington, D.C: Optica Publishing Group.
27.
YueNSharif KhodaeiZ (2016) Assessment of impact detection techniques for aeronautical application: ANN vs. LSSVM. Journal of Multiscale Modelling7(4): 1640005.
28.
ZamoranoBElvinN (2016) Passive high-speed impact damage assessment in composite panels using embedded piezoelectric sensors. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures27(1): 104–116.
29.
ZhangCQiuJHJiHL, et al. (2015) An imaging method for impact localization using metal-core piezoelectric fiber rosettes. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures26(16): 2205–2215.
