Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites hybridized with hydrogen-doped NiTi wires can be used to design structures requiring high stiffness and high damping in the low frequency range, such as helicopter blades. The current work investigates aging and hydrogen-doping for high damping without hydrogen embrittlement. We establish a hydrogenation treatment that (i) results in a response that is repeatable in the martensitic phase and after exposure to composite processing temperatures and (ii) increases the loss factor in NiTi wires by nearly 470%. By embedding H-doped wires exhibiting the highest damping into the interlayers of a [0/±45]s carbon/epoxy laminate at a volume fraction of 0.1, the hybrid NiTi-CFRP composite loss factor increases by 170%. The measured dynamic properties were found to be close to micromechanical predictions based on the properties of the NiTi and CFRP.
AcarE (2015) Dynamic mechanical response of a Ni45.7Ti29.3Hf20Pd5 alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A633: 169–175.
2.
BachmannFde OliveiraRSiggA, et al. (2012) Passive damping of composite blades using embedded piezoelectric modules or shape memory alloy wires: A comparative study. Smart Materials and Structures21(7): 075027.
3.
BassaniPBiffiCACarnevaleM, et al. (2013) Passive damping of slender and light structures. Materials & Design45: 88–95.
4.
BhaskarJKumar SharmaABhattacharyaB, et al. (2020) A review on shape memory alloy reinforced polymer composite materials and structures. Smart Materials and Structures29(7): 073001.
5.
BiscariniACampanellaRColuzziB, et al. (1999) Martensitic transitions and mechanical spectroscopy of Ni50.8Ti49.2 alloy containing hydrogen. Acta Materialia47(18): 4525–4533.
6.
BiscariniAColuzziBMazzolaiG, et al. (2003) Extraordinary high damping of hydrogen-doped NiTi and NiTiCu shape memory alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds355(1–2): 52–57.
7.
BlackwellRMillottT (2008) Dynamics design characteristics of the Sikorsky X2 technology™ demonstrator aircraft. In: Annual forum proceedings-American Helicopter Society, Montreal, 29 April–1 May, vol. 64, p.886. American Helicopter Society, Inc.
8.
CaiWLuXLZhaoLC (2005) Damping behavior of TiNi-based shape memory alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A394(1–2): 78–82.
9.
ChangSHWuSK (2008) Effect of cooling rate on transformation temperature measurements of Ti50Ni50 alloy by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Materials Characterization59(8): 987–990.
10.
CohadesAMichaudV (2018) Shape memory alloys in fibre-reinforced polymer composites. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research1(1): 66–81.
11.
ColuzziBBiscariniAMazzolaiG, et al. (2006a) Damping properties of vacuum annealed and H-doped NiTi based alloys at low stress amplitudes. In: IgataNTakeuchiS (eds) Key Engineering Materials, vol. 39. Zurich: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, pp.1–8.
12.
ColuzziBBiscariniAMazzolaiG, et al. (2006b) Effect of H-doping on damping capacity of various NiTi-based alloys at kHz frequencies. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology128(3): 254–259.
13.
Da SilvaNJGrassiENDde BritoSimões J, et al. (2009) Dynamic mechanical analysis of a NiTi shape memory alloy: An experimental study. In: Proceedings of international congress of mechanical engineering 2009 (COBEM 2009), Gramado, 15–20 November.
14.
de OliveiraRBigiESiggA, et al. (2010) Passive damping of composites with embedded shape memory alloy wires. In: Behavior and mechanics of multifunctional materials and composites 2010, San Diego, CA, vol. 7644, p.76440K. International Society for Optics and Photonics.
15.
E1447-09A (2009) Standard Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen in Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion Thermal Conductivity/Infrared Detection Method. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
16.
Fabregat-SanjuanAGispert-GuiradoFFerrandoF, et al. (2018) Identifying the effects of heat treatment temperatures on the Ti50Ni45Cu5 alloy using dynamic mechanical analysis combined with microstructural analysis. Materials Science and Engineering A712: 281–291.
17.
FineganICGibsonRF (1999) Recent research on enhancement of damping in polymer composites. Composite Structures44(2–3): 89–98.
18.
GallKMaierHJ (2002) Cyclic deformation mechanisms in precipitated NiTi shape memory alloys. Acta Materialia50(18): 4643–4657.
19.
GallKSehitogluHChumlyakovYI, et al. (1999) The influence of aging on critical transformation stress levels and martensite start temperatures in NiTi: Part I—Aged microstructure and micro-mechanical modeling. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology121(1): 19–27.
20.
HamiltonRFSehitogluHChumlyakovY, et al. (2004) Stress dependence of the hysteresis in single crystal NiTi alloys. Acta Materialia52(11): 3383–3402.
21.
HornbogenE (1985) The effect of variables on martensitic transformation temperatures. Acta Metallurgica33(4): 595–601.
22.
JohnsonAJWSehitogluHHamiltonRF, et al. (2005) Analysis of multistep transformations in single-crystal NiTi. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A36(4): 919–928.
23.
KatsiropoulosCVPappasPKoutroumanisN, et al. (2020) Improving the damping behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer composites with embedded superelastic shape memory alloys (SMA). Smart Materials and Structures29(2): 025006.
24.
KimJJ (2019) Fabrication and characterization of high damping carbon fiber composites with carbon nanotube interlayers. MS Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 2019.
25.
LakesRS (2009) Viscoelastic Materials. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
26.
LiuYVan HumbeeckJ (1997) On the damping behaviour of NiTi shape memory alloy. Le Journal de Physique IV7(C5): C5–519.
27.
LiuYVan HumbeeckJStalmansR, et al. (1997) Some aspects of the properties of NiTi shape memory alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds247(1–2): 115–121.
28.
LobodyukVA (2016) Reversibility of the martensitic transformations and shape-memory effects. Uspehi Fiziki Metallov17(2): 89–118.
29.
MazzolaiFMBiscariniAColuzziB, et al. (2007) Low-frequency internal friction of hydrogen-free and hydrogen-doped NiTi alloys. Acta Materialia55(13): 4243–4252.
30.
NurverenKAkdoğanAHuangWM (2008) Evolution of transformation characteristics with heating/cooling rate in NiTi shape memory alloys. Journal of Materials Processing Technology196(1-3): 129–134.
31.
RuncimanAChenKCPeltonAR, et al. (2008) Effects of hydrogen on the phases and transition temperatures of NiTi. In: SMST-2006 – Proceedings of the international conference on shape memory and superelastic technologies, 7–11 May, Pacific Grove, CA, pp.185–196.
32.
SaravanosDChamisC (1990) Unified micromechanics of damping for unidirectional and off-axis fiber composites. Journal of Composites Technology and Research12(1): 31–40.
33.
SnirYCarlMLeyNA, et al. (2017) Effects of hydrogen charging on the phase transformation of martensitic NiTi shape memory alloy wires. Shape Memory and Superelasticity3(4): 443–456.
34.
Van HumbeeckJ (2003) Damping capacity of thermoelastic martensite in shape memory alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds355(1-2): 58–64.
35.
Van HumbeeckJKustovS (2005) Active and passive damping of noise and vibrations through shape memory alloys: Applications and mechanisms. Smart Materials and Structures14(5): S171–S185.
36.
Van HumbeeckJLiuY (2000) The high damping capacity of shape memory alloys. In: YahiaL (ed.) Shape Memory Implants. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp.46–60.
