A resistance adjusting type piezoelectric cylindrical transducer is studied in this work. The transducer’s functional components are two radially polarized piezoelectric short tubes. One of them is utilized to actuate the transducer, while the other is used to adjust its electromechanical characteristics, such as resonance and anti-resonance frequencies as well as the corresponding electromechanical coupling factor, through changing a connecting resistance. Based on the plane stress assumption, the electromechanical characteristics of this transducer in radial vibration are studied, and the expressions of input electric impedance are derived analytically. The theoretical solution is validated by comparing the results with a special case in a previous work. Furthermore, numerical analysis is conducted to study the effects of resistance and electrode on the transducer’s electromechanical characteristics. The results indicate that adjusting the resistance enables the transducer’s multi-frequency characteristics, and furthermore, there exists a special matching resistance that results in the transducer’s optimal electromechanical coupling factor. This study provides a theoretical guide for designing and optimizing the resistance adjusting type piezoelectric cylindrical transducer, which has a potential application in the underwater sound and ultrasonic fields, among others.
AdelmanNTStavskyY (1975) Vibrations of radially polarized composite piezoceramic cylinders and disks. Journal of Sound and Vibration43(1): 37–44.
2.
AdelmanNTStavskyYSegalE (1975) Axisymmetric vibrations of radially polarized piezoelectric ceramic cylinders. Journal of Sound and Vibration38(2): 245–254.
3.
ArnoldFJMühlenSS (2001) The resonance frequencies on mechanically pre-stressed ultrasonic piezotransducers. Ultrasonics39(1): 1–5.
4.
BrissaudM (2004) Modelling of non-symmetric piezoelectric bimorphs. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering14(11): 1507–1518.
5.
BrissaudMLedrenSGonnardP (2003) Modelling of a cantilever non-symmetric piezoelectric bimorph. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering13(6): 832–844.
6.
BugdayciNBogyDBTalkeFE (1983) Axisymmetric motion of radially polarized piezoelectric cylinders used in ink jet printing. IBM Journal of Research and Development27(2): 171–180.
7.
ChenWQLüCFYangJS. (2009) A circular cylindrical, radially polarized ceramic shell piezoelectric transformer. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control56(6): 1238–1245.
8.
ChenYSZhangHZhangYY. (2016) Mechanical energy harvesting from road pavements under vehicular load using embedded piezoelectric elements. Journal of Applied Mechanics83(8): 081001.
9.
CunefareKASkowEErturkA. (2013) Energy harvesting from hydraulic pressure fluctuations. Smart Materials and Structures22(2): 025036.
10.
FeenstraJGranstromJSodanoHA (2008) Energy harvesting through a backpack employing a mechanically amplified piezoelectric stack. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing22(3): 721–734.
11.
HeikkolaEMiettinenKNieminenP (2006) Multiobjective optimization of an ultrasonic transducer using NIMBUS. Ultrasonics44(4): 368–380.
12.
HusseinMHeyligerP (1996) Discrete layer analysis of axisymmetric vibrations of laminated piezoelectric cylinders. Journal of Sound and Vibration192(5): 995–1013.
13.
JiangXLiYLiJ. (2014) Piezoelectric energy harvesting from traffic-induced pavement vibrations. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy6: 043110.
14.
JungJLeeWKangW. (2015) A top-crossover-to-bottom addressed segmented annular array using piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering25(11): 115024.
15.
KimJOLeeJG (2007) Dynamic characteristics of piezoelectric cylindrical transducers with radial polarization. Journal of Sound and Vibration300(1): 241–249.
16.
KimJOHwangKKJeongHG (2004) Radial vibration characteristics of piezoelectric cylindrical transducers. Journal of Sound and Vibration276(3–5): 1135–1144.
17.
LiHJungKWDengZD (2015) Piezoelectric transducer design for a miniaturized injectable acoustic transmitter. Smart Materials and Structures24(11): 115010.
18.
LiPGuHSongG. (2010) Concrete structural health monitoring using piezoceramic-based wireless sensor networks. Smart Structures and Systems6(5–6): 731–748.
19.
LinS (2004) Effect of electric load impedances on the performance of sandwich piezoelectric transducers. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control51(10): 1280–1286.
20.
LinS (2008) The radial composite piezoelectric ceramic transducer. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical141(1): 136–143.
21.
LinS (2009) Analysis of multifrequency Langevin composite ultrasonic transducers. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control56(9): 1990–1998.
22.
LinS (2010) An improved cymbal transducer with combined piezoelectric ceramic ring and metal ring. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical163(1): 266–276.
23.
LinSXuC (2008) Analysis of the sandwich ultrasonic transducer with two sets of piezoelectric elements. Smart Materials and Structures17(6): 065008.
LinSHuJFuZQ (2013b) Electromechanical characteristics of piezoelectric ceramic transformers in radial vibration composed of concentric piezoelectric ceramic disk and ring. Smart Materials and Structures22(4): 045018.
26.
MartinsMCorreiaVCabralJ. (2012) Optimization of piezoelectric ultrasound emitter transducers for underwater communications. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical184: 141–148.
27.
MasonWP (1950) Piezoelectric Crystals and Their Application to Ultrasonics. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
28.
MelnykowyczMMartinezMNitzscheF. (2006) Active airfoil design and finite element analysis of smart structures for rotor blade applications. In: Proceedings of the 16th international conference on adaptive structures and technologies, pp. 182–189.
29.
MeyerJLHarringtonWBAgrawalBN. (1998) Vibration suppression of a spacecraft flexible appendage using smart material. Smart Materials and Structures7(1): 95–104.
30.
PengSZhengXSunJ. (2012) Modeling of a micro-cantilevered piezo-actuator considering the buffer layer and electrodes. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering22(6): 065005.
31.
PlattSRFarritorSHaiderH (2005) On low-frequency electric power generation with PZT ceramics. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics10(2): 240–252.
32.
PriyaS (2005) Modeling of electric energy harvesting using piezoelectric windmill. Applied Physics Letters87(18): 184101.
33.
SethiVSongG (2005) Optimal vibration control of a model frame structure using piezoceramic sensors and actuators. Journal of Vibration and Control11(5): 671–684.
34.
SkowECunefareKErturkA (2013) Coupling efficiency analysis of hydraulic pressure energy harvesters. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America134(5): 4156.
35.
SongGGuHMoYL (2008) Smart aggregates: multi-functional sensors for concrete structures—a tutorial and a review. Smart Materials and Structures17(3): 033001.
36.
SongGGuHMoYL. (2007) Concrete structural health monitoring using embedded piezoceramic transducers. Smart Materials and Structures16(4): 959–968.
37.
TangLZhaoLYangY. (2014) Equivalent circuit representation and analysis of galloping-based wind energy harvesting. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics20(2): 834–844.
38.
TaylorGWBurnsJRKammannS. (2001) The energy harvesting eel: a small subsurface ocean/river power generator. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering26(4): 539–547.
39.
WangHMLuoDS (2016) Exact analysis of radial vibration of functionally graded piezoelectric ring transducers resting on elastic foundation. Applied Mathematical Modelling40(4): 2549–2559.
40.
WangJJShiZF (2013) Dynamic characteristics of an axially polarized multilayer piezoelectric/elastic composite cylindrical transducer. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control60(10): 2196–2203.
41.
WangJJShiZF (2016) Models for designing radially polarized multilayer piezoelectric/elastic composite cylindrical transducers. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures27(4): 500–511.
42.
WangJJKongQShiZF. (2016) Electromechanical properties of smart aggregate: theoretical modeling and experimental validation. Smart Materials and Structures25(9): 095008.
43.
WangJJShiZFHanZJ (2013) Analytical solution of piezoelectric composite stack transducers. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures24(13): 1626–1636.
44.
WangJJShiZFSongG (2015a) Modeling and optimization of adjustable multifrequency axially polarized multilayer composite cylindrical transducer. Smart Materials and Structures24(4): 045003.
45.
WangJJShiZFXiangHJ. (2015b) Modeling on energy harvesting from a railway system using piezoelectric transducers. Smart Materials and Structures24(10): 105017.
46.
WangSTsaiM (2011) Dynamic modeling of thickness-mode piezoelectric transducer using the block diagram approach. Ultrasonics51(5): 617–624.
47.
WickramasingheVChenYMartinezM. (2011) Design and verification of a smart wing for an extreme-agility micro-air-vehicle. Smart Materials and Structures20(12): 125007.
48.
XianXLinS (2008) Study on the compound multifrequency ultrasonic transducer in flexural vibration. Ultrasonics48(3): 202–208.
49.
XiangHJShiZF (2009) Static analysis of a multilayer piezoelectric actuator with bonding layers and electrodes. Smart Structures and Systems5(5): 547–564.
50.
YangJS (2007) Piezoelectric transformer structural modeling—a review. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control54(6): 1154–1170.
51.
YangJSChenZGHuYT (2007) Theoretical modeling of a thickness-shear mode circular cylinder piezoelectric transformer. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control54(3): 621–626.
52.
ZhangTT (2014) Theoretical analyses for a 2–2 cement-based piezoelectric curved composite with electrode layers. Smart Structures and Systems14(5): 961–980.
53.
ZhangTTDongSLiuW (2015) The dynamic characteristics of 2–2 cement-based piezoelectric composite with electrode layers. Materials Research Innovations19(Suppl. 9): S9-181–S9-186.
54.
ZhaoHDLingJMYuJ (2012) A comparative analysis of piezoelectric transducers for harvesting energy from asphalt pavement. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan120(1404): 317–323.
55.
ZhaoLTangLYangY (2013) Comparison of modeling methods and parametric study for a piezoelectric wind energy harvester. Smart Materials and Structures22(12): 125003.
