Predictive modeling of nonlinear wave propagation for structural health monitoring with piezoelectric wafer active sensors

Abstract

This article presents predictive modeling of nonlinear guided wave propagation for structural health monitoring using both finite element method and analytical approach. In our study, the nonlinearity of the guided waves is generated by interaction with a nonlinear breathing crack. Two nonlinear finite element method techniques are used to simulate the breathing crack: (a) element activation/deactivation method and (b) contact analysis. Both techniques are available in ANSYS software package. The solutions obtained by these two finite element method techniques compare quite well. A parametric analytical predictive model is built to simulate guided waves interacting with linear/nonlinear structural damage. This model is coded into MATLAB, and the WaveFormRevealer graphical user interface is developed to obtain fast predictive waveform solutions for arbitrary combinations of sensor, structural properties, and damage. The predictive model is found capable of describing the nonlinear wave propagation phenomenon. This article finishes with summary and conclusions followed by recommendations for further work.

Keywords

Piezoelectric wafer active sensors nonlinear ultrasonics Lamb waves damage detection structural health monitoring nondestructive evaluation breathing crack higher harmonics

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Bermes

Kim

(2007) Experimental characterization of material nonlinearity using Lamb waves. Applied Physics Letters 90: 021901.

Biwa

Hiraiwa

Matsumoto

(2006) Experimental and theoretical study of harmonic generation at contacting interface. Ultrasonics 44: e1319–e1322.

Biwa

Nakajima

Ohno

(2004) On the acoustic nonlinearity of solid-solid contact with pressure-dependent interface stiffness. Journal of Applied Mechanics: Transactions of the ASME 71: 508–515.

Cantrell

(2009) Nondestructive evaluation of metal fatigue using nonlinear acoustics. Review of Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation 1096: 19–32.

Corrosion Testing Laboratories, Inc. (2007) Fatigue Cracking of Steam Line Expansion Bellow. Newark, DE: Corrosion Testing Laboratories, Inc.

Deng

(1999) Cumulative second-harmonic generation of Lamb-modes propagation in a solid plate. Journal of Applied Physics 85: 3051–3058.

Deng

(2003) Analysis of second-harmonic generation of Lamb modes using a modal analysis approach. Journal of Applied Physics 94: 4152–4159.

Dutta

Sohn

Harries

(2009) A nonlinear acoustic technique for crack detection in metallic structures. Structural Health Monitoring 8: 251–262.

Giurgiutiu

(2005) Tuned Lamb wave excitation and detection with piezoelectric wafer active sensors for structural health monitoring. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 16: 291–306.

10.

Giurgiutiu

(2007) Structural Health Monitoring with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.

11.

Gresil

Giurgiutiu

(2013a) Time-domain global-local prediction of guided waves interaction with damage. Key Engineering Materials 558: 116–127.

12.

Gresil

Giurgiutiu

(2013b) Time-domain hybrid global-local concept for guided-wave propagation with piezoelectric wafer active sensor. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. Epub ahead of print 2 May. DOI: 10.1177/1045389x13486712.

13.

Hagedorn

(1988) Nonlinear Oscillations. New York: Oxford University Press.

14.

Hughes

TJR

Taylor

Sackman

. (1975) A finite element method for a class of contact-impact problems. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 8: 249–276.

15.

Jhang

(2009) Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques for nondestructive assessment of micro damage in material: a review. International Journal of Materials 10: 123–135.

16.

Kruse

Zagrai

(2009) Investigation of linear and nonlinear electromechanical impedance techniques for detection of fatigue damage in aerospace materials. In: 7th international workshop on structural health monitoring, Stanford, CA, 9–11 September.

17.

Kumar

Torbert

Jones

. (2009) Nonlinear ultrasonics for in situ damage detection during high frequency fatigue. Journal of Applied Physics 106: 024904-1–024904-9.

18.

Lee

Choi

(2008) The nonlinearity of guided waves in an elastic plate. Modern Physics Letter 22: 1135–1140.

19.

Moser

Jacobs

(1999) Modeling elastic wave propagation in waveguides with the finite element method. NDT & E International 32: 225–234.

20.

Nagy

(1998) Fatigue damage assessment by nonlinear ultrasonic materials characterization. Ultrasonics 36: 375–381.

21.

Naugoslnykh

Ostrovsky

(1998) Nonlinear Wave Processes in Acoustics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

22.

Richardson

(1979) Harmonic generation at an unbonded interface: I. Planar interface between semi-infinite elastic media. International Journal of Engineering Science 17: 73–85.

23.

Shen

Giurgiutiu

(2012) Predictive simulation of nonlinear ultrasonics. In: SPIE 2012 Smart Structures and NDE, San Diego, CA, 11–15 March.

24.

SHEN

Giurgiutiu

(2012) WaveFormRevealer 1-D – An Analytical Predictive Tool for the 1-D Simulation of Multimodal Guided Waves Propagation and Interaction with Damage: User’s Guide and Theoretical Foundation. Report # USC-ME-LAMSS-2012-101, August 2012.

25.

Srivastava

di Scalea

(2009) On the existence of antisymmetric or symmetric Lamb waves at nonlinear higher harmonics. Journal of Sound and Vibration 323(3–5): 932–943.