AlruwailiNS, Al-KuraishyHM, Al-GareebAI, et al.Antidepressants and type 2 diabetes: Highways to knowns and unknowns. Diabetol Metab Syndr, 2023; 15(1):179; doi: 10.1186/s13098-023-01149-z
2.
BakakiPM, HoraceA, DawsonN, et al.Defining pediatric polypharmacy: A scoping review. PLoS One, 2018; 13(11):e0208047; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208047
3.
BakerM, BellonciC, HuefnerJC, et al.Polypharmacy and the pursuit of appropriate prescribing for children and adolescents. Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology News, 2017; 22(1):1–7,12; doi: 10.1521/capn.2017.22.1.1
4.
BarnardK, PevelerRC, HoltRIG. Antidepressant medication as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation. Diabetes Care, 2013; 36(10):3337–3345; doi: 10.2337/dc13-0560
5.
BiedermanJ, NewcornJ, SprichS. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. Am J Psychiatry, 1991; 148(5):564–577; doi: 10.1176/ajp.148.5.564
6.
BoboWV, CooperWO, SteinCM, et al.Antipsychotics and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and youth. JAMA Psychiatry, 2013; 70(10):1067–1075; doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2053
7.
BoboWV, GrossardtBR, LapidMI, et al.Frequency and predictors of the potential overprescribing of antidepressants in elderly residents of a geographically defined U.S. population. Pharmacol Res Perspect, 2019; 7(1):e00461; doi: 10.1002/prp2.461
8.
BolgerO, RothD, FeinsteinJ, et al.Choosing medications wisely: Is it time to address paediatric polypharmacy? Paediatrics & Child Health, 2019; 24:303–305; doi: 10.1093/pch/pxy188
9.
CadoganCA, RyanC, CarmelM, et al.Appropriate polypharmacy and medicine safety: When many is not too many. Drug Saf, 2016; 39(2):109–116; doi: 10.1007/s40264-015-0378-5
10.
ChenM-H, HuangK-L, HsuJ-W, et al.Treatment-resistant attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Clinical significance, concept, and management. Taiwan J Psychiatry, 2019; 33(2):66–75; doi: 10.4103/TPSY.TPSY_14_19
11.
ChildressAC, SalleeFR. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with inadequate response to stimulants: Approaches to management. CNS Drugs, 2014; 28(2):121–129; doi: 10.1007/s40263-013-0130-6
12.
CorrellCU. Assessing and maximizing the safety and tolerability of antipsychotics used in the treatment of children and adolescents. J Clin Psychiatry, 2008; 69(Suppl 4):26–36.
13.
CrystalS, AkincigilA, BilderS, et al.Studying prescription drug use and outcomes with Medicaid claims data: Strengths, limitations, and strategies. Med Care, 2007; 45(10 Supl 2):S58–S65; doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31805371bf
14.
CumynL, FrenchL, HechtmanL. Comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Can J Psychiatry, 2009; 54(10):673–683; doi: 10.1177/070674370905401004
15.
DaviesLE, SpiersG, KingstonA, et al.Adverse outcomes of polypharmacy in older people: Systematic review of reviews. J Am Med Dir Assoc, 2020; 21(2):181–187; doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.10.022
16.
DongZ, ZhangL, LiuS, et al.Cumulative ADHD medication use and risk of type 2 diabetes in adults: A Swedish Register study. BMJ Ment Health, 2024; 27(1):e301195; doi: 10.1136/bmjment-2024-301195
17.
Garcia-ArgibayM, LiL, Du RietzE, et al.The association between type 2 diabetes and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and population-based sibling study. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2023; 147:105076; doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105076
18.
JureidiniJ, TonkinA, JureidiniE. Combination pharmacotherapy for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents: Prevalence, efficacy, risks and research needs. Paediatr Drugs, 2013; 15(5):377–391; doi: 10.1007/s40272-013-0032-6
19.
LavanAH, GallagherP. Predicting risk of adverse drug reactions in older adults. Ther Adv Drug Saf, 2016; 7(1):11–22; doi: 10.1177/2042098615615472
20.
LiuS, LeoneM, LudvigssonJF, et al.Early-onset type 2 diabetes and mood, anxiety, and stress-related disorders: A genetically informative register-based cohort study. Diabetes Care, 2022; 45(12):2950–2956; doi: 10.2337/dc22-1053
21.
MasnoonN, ShakibS, Kalisch-EllettL, et al.What is polypharmacy? A systematic review of definitions. BMC Geriatr, 2017; 17(1):230; doi: 10.1186/s12877-017-0621-2
22.
McIntyreRS, KwanATH, RosenblatJD, et al.Psychotropic drug-related weight gain and its treatment. Am J Psychiatry, 2024; 181(1):26–38; doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230922
23.
MisraS, KeC, SrinivasanS, et al.Current insights and emerging trends in early-onset type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2023; 11(10):768–782; doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00225-5
24.
NicholsonK, LiuW, FitzpatrickD, et al.Prevalence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy among adults and older adults: A systematic review. Lancet Healthy Longev, 2024; 5(4):e287–e296; doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(24)00007-2
25.
NjardvikU, WergelandGJ, RiiseEN, et al.Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev, 2025; 118:102571; doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102571
26.
RaevuoriA, SuokasJ, HaukkaJ, et al.Highly increased risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord, 2015; 48(6):555–562; doi: 10.1002/eat.22334
27.
SaferDJ. A comparison of risperidone-induced weight gain across the age span. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2004; 24(4):429–436.
28.
SaylorKE, AmannBH. Impulsive aggression as a comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 2016; 26(1):19–25; doi: 10.1089/cap.2015.012619
29.
SendorR, SturmerT. Core concepts in pharmacoepidemiology: Confounding by indication and the role of active comparators. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2022; 31(3):261–269; doi: 10.1002/pds.5407
BjornstadP, DrewsKL, CaprioS, et al.; TODAY Study Group. Long-term complications in youth-onset type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med, 2021; 385(5):416–426.
32.
VerrottiA, D’EgidioC, MohnA, et al.Weight gain following treatment with valproic acid: Pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical implications. Obes Rev, 2011; 12(5):e32–e43.
33.
WagenknechtLE, LawrenceJM, IsomS, et al.; SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Trends in incidence of youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the USA, 2002-18: Results from the population-based SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2023; 11(4):242–250.
34.
WastessonJW, MorinL, TanECK, et al.An update on the clinical consequences of polypharmacy in older adults: A narrative review. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2018; 17(12):1185–1196; doi: 0.1080/14740338.2018.1546841
35.
WirrellEC. Valproic acid-associated weight gain in older children and teens with epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol, 2003; 28(2):126–129; doi: 10.1016/s0887-8994(02)00505-2
36.
WolraichML, HaganJF, AllanC, et al.; SUBCOMMITTEE ON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVE DISORDER. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 2019; 144(4):e20192528; doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-2528
37.
ZitoJM, ZhuY, SaferDJ. Psychotropic polypharmacy in the US pediatric population: A methodologic critique and commentary. Front Psychiatry, 2021; 12:644741; doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021/644741