The Freedmen's Bureau: A Nineteenth-Century Federal Welfare Agency

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DuBois W. E. B. , Black Reconstruction, Russell & Russell, New York, 1935.

Peirce Paul S. , The Freedmen's Bureau, Iowa University, Iowa City, 1904, pp. 8–28.

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Staples Thomas S. , Reconstruction in Arkansas: 1862–1874, Columbia University, New York, 1923, p. 184.

Yeatman James , Report on the Condition of the Freedmen of the Mississippi, presented to the Western Sanitary Commission, December 17, 1863.

Preliminary report touching on the condition and management of emancipated refugees made to the Secretary of War by the American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission, June 30, 1863.

Peirce , op. cit., p. 45.

Howard , op. cit., p. 208.

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Howard , op. cit., p. 423.

Peirce , op. cit., p. 46.

Merton Coulter E. , The South During Reconstruction: 1865–1877, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1947, Chapter 4.

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Howard , op. cit., pp. 263–67.

Peirce , op. cit., p. 50.

Webster Laura J. , The Operation of the Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina, “Smith College Studies in History,” Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 1916.

Report of Major General O. O. Howard, Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, to the Secretary of War, October 14, 1868.

Report of Major General O. O. Howard, Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, to the Secretary of War, October 14, 1868.

DuBois , op. cit., p. 228.

Flack Horace Edgar , The Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1908, pp. 7–13.

Peirce , op cit., p. 68.

Peirce , op cit., p. 109.

Peirce , op cit., p. 89.

Peirce , op cit., p. 99.

Peirce , op cit., p. 83.

Lindsay Inabel B. , The Participation of Negroes in Early Welfare Services: 1865–1900, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 1952(doctoral dissertation), pp. 107–108.