The goal of the article is to investigate whether well-established risk factors for delinquency among adolescents are equally important for males and females. The risk factors discussed here are derived from four theoretical approaches: social bonding/social control theory, self-control theory, routine activities/opportunity theory, and social disorganization theory. Data are drawn from the International Self-Reported Delinquency study (ISRD-2). The results show that the risk factors proposed by social bonding theory, social disorganization theory, routine activities/opportunity theory, and self-control theory are not equally related to delinquent behavior among males and females. When all the theoretically relevant factors are combined together, three interaction terms are found to be statistically significant; family disruption and deviant behavior of friends have more influence on delinquent behavior of females, whereas the lack of self-control is more strongly related to delinquency among males.
AdlerF. (1975). Sisters in crime. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2.
ArcherJ. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8, 291-322.
3.
BursikR. J. (1988). Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects. Criminology, 26(4), 519-552.
4.
BurtonV. S.CullenF. T.EvansT. D.AlaridL. F.DunawayR. G. (1998). Gender, self-control, and crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35(2), 123-147.
5.
CardN. A.StuckyB. D.SawalaniG. M.LittleT. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79, 1185-1229.
6.
CarterT. J.DonnemeijerJ. F.PhillipsG. H. (1982). Rural crime: Integrating research and Prevention. Totowa, NJ: Allanheld, Osmun.
7.
Chesnay-LindM.SheldenR. M. (2004). Females, delinquency, and juvenile justice (3rd ed.).: Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth.
8.
CohenL. E.FelsonM. (1979). Social-change and crime rate trends—Routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588-608.
9.
CorradoR. R.OdgersC.CohenI. M. (2000). The incarceration of female young offenders: Protection for whom?Canadian Journal of Criminology, 42(2), 189-207.
10.
Esping-AndersenG. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
11.
Esping-AndersenG. (1999). Social foundations of post-industrial economies. New York: Oxford University Press.
12.
EnzmannD.MarshallI. H.KilliasM.Junger-TasJ.SteketeeM.GruszczynskaB. B. (2010). Self-report youth delinquency in Europe and beyond: First results of the International Self-Report Delinquency Study in the context of police data (European Sourcebook) and victimization studies (ICVS). European Journal of Criminology, 7(2), 159-181.
13.
FaganA. A.Lee Van HornM.AntaramianS.HawkinsJ. D. (2011). How do families matter? Age and gender differences in family influences on delinquency and drug use. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 9(2), 150-170.
14.
GiordanoP.CrenkovischS.PughM. (1986). Friendships and Delinquency. American Journal of Sociology, 91(5), 1170-1203.
15.
GottfredsonM. R.HirschiT. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
16.
GrahamJ.BowlingB. (1995). Young people and crime (Home Office Research Study 145). London: Home Office.
17.
GrasmickH. G.TitleC. R.ArneklevB. J. (1993). Testing the core empirical implications of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30, 5-29.
18.
HaganJ.GillisA. R.SimpsonJ. (1985). The class structure of gender and delinquency: Toward a power-control theory of common delinquent behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 90, 1151-1178.
19.
HeimerK. (1995). Gender, race, and the pathways to delinquency: An interactionist analysis. In HaganJ.PetersonR. D. (Eds.), Crime and inequality (pp.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
20.
HirschiT.GottfredsonM. R. (Eds.). (1994). The generality of deviance. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
21.
HoeveM.Van der LaanP. H.GerrisJ. R. M.DubasJ. S. (2009). Sex differences in the link between parenting styles and delinquency. Kind en Adolescent, 30(2), 122-136.
Junger-TasJ.CruyffM. J. L. F.van de Looij-JansenP. M.ReelickR (2003). Etnische minderheden en het Belang van Binding: Een onderzoek naar antisociaal gedrag onder jongeren [Ethnic minorities and the Importance of Bonding: A study of antisocial behavior of young people]. Houten/Antwerpen: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
24.
Junger-TasJ.EnzmannD.SteketeeM.MarshallI. H. (2012). Concluding observations: The big picture. In Junger-TasJ.MarshallI. H.EnzmannD.KilliasM.SteketeeeM.GruszczynskaB. (Eds.), The many faces of youth crime. Contrasting theoretical perspectives on juvenile delinquency across countries and cultures (pp. 329-353). New York: Springer.
25.
Junger-TasJ.MarshallI. H. (1999). The self-report methodology in crime research. In TonryM. (Ed.), Crime and justice—A review of research (Vol. 25, pp. 291-367). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26.
Junger-TasJ.MarshallI. H.RibeaudD. (2003). Delinquency in an international perspective—The International Self-Report Delinquency Study. The Hague: Criminal Justice Press/Kugler Publications.
27.
Junger-TasJ.MarshallI. H.EnzmannD.KillasM.SteketeeM.GruszcynskaB. (2010). Juvenile delinquency in Europe and beyond. Results of the Second International Self–Report Delinquency Study. New York: Springer.
28.
Junger-TasJ.MarshallI. H.EnzmannD.KilliasM.SteketeeM.GruszczynskaB. (2012). The many faces of youth crime. Contrasting theoretical perspectives on juvenile delinquency across countries and cultures. New York: Springer.
29.
Junger-TasJ.TerlouwG. J. (1991). Het Nederlandse publiek en het criminaliteitsprobleem [The Dutch public and the crime problem]. Delikt en Delinkwent, 21, 256-268.
30.
KlingJ. R.LudwigJ.KatzL. F. (2005). Neighborhood effects on crime for female and male youth: Evidence from a randomized housing voucher experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(1), 87-130.
31.
KronemanL.LoeberR.HipwellA. E. (2004). Is neighborhood context differently related to externalizing problems and delinquency for females compared with males?Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7(2), 109-122.
32.
LoeberR.KeenanK. (1994). Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(6), 497-523.
33.
MarshallI. H.EnzmannD. (2012). Methodology and design of the ISRD-2 Study. In Junger-TasJ.. (Eds.), Juvenile delinquency in Europe and beyond. Results of the Second International Self–Report Delinquency Study (pp. 21-64). New York: Springer.
34.
MassonK.KayotisS.de JongW. (2002). De Straat aan de Jeugd (een onderzoek naar een driejarig preventieproject over kinderen en buiten spelen) [The Road belongs to the Youth (a study of a three-year prevention project about children and playing outside)]. Amsterdam: Aksant.
35.
MoffitT. E.CaspiA.RutterM.SilvaP. A. (2001). Sex differences in antisocial behaviour. New York: Cambridge University Press.
36.
OlweusD. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychological, 86(4), 852-875.
37.
OwensI. P. F. (2002). Ecology and evolution: sex differences in mortality rate. Science, 297(5589), 2008-2009.
38.
RankinJ. H.KernR. (1994). Parental attachments and delinquency. Criminology, 32(4), 495-517.
39.
RothbaumF.WeiszJ. R. (1994). Parental caregiving and child externalizing behavior in nonclinical samples: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116(1), 55-74.
40.
RutterM.CaspiA.MoffittT. E. (2003). Using sex differences in psychopathology to study causal mechanisms: Unifying issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(8), 1092-1115.
41.
Saint-ArnaudS.BernardP. (2003), Convergence or resilience? A hierarchical cluster analysis of the welfare regimes in advanced countries. Current Sociology, 51, 499-528.
42.
SampsonR. J.GrovesW. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774-802.
43.
SampsonR. J.MorenoffJ. D.EarlsF. (1999). Beyond social capital: Spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children. American Sociological Review, 64, 633-660.
44.
SampsonR. J.RaudenbushS. W.EarlsF. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.
45.
WallA. E.BarthR. P. (2005). Aggressive and delinquent behavior of maltreated adolescents: Risk factors and gender differences. Stress, Trauma, and Crisis: An International Journal, 8, 1-24.
