The purpose of this ethnonursing study was to describe and analyze the meanings and experiences of care for Lebanese Muslims as influenced by cultural context in selected natural and community settings. Leininger's theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality served as the conceptualizing frame-work for the study. Research questions focused on discovering the meanings and experiences of care as influenced by world view, social structure, and cultural context in the hospital, clinic, and home. Ethnonursing research methods were used with key and general informants in an urban US community. The majority of informants were new immigrants living less than 10 years in the US. Universal themes of care that were similar in the three contexts reflected care as a religious obligation in Islam, care as equal but different gender role responsibilities, and care as individual and collective meanings of honor. This article also presents findings related to gender role responsibilities. Nursing decisions and actions using Leininger's three modes were identified to achieve culturally congruent nursing care.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abu Khalil, A. (1985). Druze, Sunni, and Shiite political leadership in present-day Lebanon. Arab Studies Quarterly, 7(4), 28-57.
2.
Ahmad, K. (1975). Islam: Its meaning and message. London: Redwood Bum Limited.
3.
Altorki, S. & El-Solh, C. (1988). Arab women in the field: Studying your own society. New York: Syracuse University Press.
4.
Aswad, B. (1967). Key and peripheral roles of noble women in a Middle Eastern plains village. Anthropological Quarterly, 47, 9-27.
5.
Aswad, B. (1974). Visiting patterns among women of the elite in a small Turkish city. Anthropological Quarterly, 47, 9-27.
6.
Aswad, B. (1978). Women, class, and power: Examples from the Hatay, Turkey. In Beck, L. and Keddie, N. (Eds.), Women in the Muslim world (pp. 473-481). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
7.
Aswad, B. (1991). Yemeni and Lebanese Muslim immigrant women in southeast Dearborn, Michigan. In Waugh, E. & others (Eds.), Muslim Families in North America (pp. 256-281).
8.
Baaklini, A. (1983). Ethnicity and politics in contemporary Lebanon. In M. McCready (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and identity: Current issues in research (pp. 17-56). New York: Academic Press.
9.
Farsoun, S. (1970). Family structure and society in modern Lebanon. In L. Sweet (Ed.), People and cultures of the Middle East (Vol. 2, pp. 257-307). New York: Natural History Press.
10.
Farsoun, S. & Carroll, W. (1976). The civil war in Lebanon: Sect, class, and imperialism. Monthly Review, 28, 12-73.
11.
Haddad, Y. , & Lummis, A. (1987). Islamic valued in the United States: A comparative study. New York: Oxford University Press.
12.
Hassan, R. (1981). Peace and the Islamic worldview. In M. Max (Ed.), Occasional papers: Proceedings of International conference—The Quest for Peace Beyond Ideology (pp. 11-14). Detroit, MI: Wayne State University.
13.
Joseph, S. (1978). Muslim-Christian conflict in Lebanon: A perspective on the evolution of sectarianism. In S. Joseph & B. Pillsbury (Eds.), Muslim-Christian conflict: Economic, political, and social origins (pp. 63-97). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
14.
Leininger, M. (1984) Southern rural black and white American lifeways with focus on care and health phenomena. In M. Leininger (Ed.), Care: Theessence of naursing and healh (pp. 183-159). NewJersey: Slack,Inc.
15.
Leininger, M. (Ed.) (1985a). Qualitative Research Methods in Nursing. New York, NY: Grune and Stratton, nc.
16.
Leininger, M. (1985b). Transcultural care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. Nursing and Health Care, 6(4), 209-212.
17.
Leininger, M. (1989). Leininger-Templin-Thompson Etnoscript Qualitative Software Program. Detroit: Wayne State University.
18.
Leininger, M. (1990). Ethnomethods: The philosophic and epistemic bases to explicate transcultural nursing knowledge. Journal of Transcultural Nursing (1)2, 40-51.
19.
Leininger, M. (1991). Culture care diversity and universality: A theory of nursing. New York: National League for Nursing Press.
20.
Lincoln, Y. & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalstic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
21.
Luna, L. (1989a). Transcultural nursing care of Arab Muslims. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 1(1), 22-26.
22.
Luna, L. (1989b). Care and cultural contest of Lebanese Muims in an urban US community: An ethnographic and ethnonursing study conceptualized within Leininger's theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
23.
Parry, C. & Eaton, J. (1991). Kohl: A lead-hazardous eye makeup from the third world to the first world. Environmental Health Perspectives, 94, 121-123.
24.
Sandelowski M. (1986). The problem of rigor in qualitative research. Advances in Nursing Science, 8(3), 27-37.
25.
Soffer, A. (1986). Lebanon-Where demography is the core of pohitics and life. Middle Eastern Studies, 22(2), 197-205.
26.
Starr, P. (1978). Ethnic categories and identification in Lebanon. Urban Life, 7(1), 111-141.
