Valuation experts often use different methodologies when estimating the value of a closely held company. This paper analyzes the general valuation methodologies and the specific factors used by appraisers. The data set consists of actual appraisals, financial data, and the sale prices for 258 companies. Results Indicate that valuation estimates are sensitive to both the methodology used and the background of the appraiser making the valuation.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BasuS. (1977). Investment performance of common stocks in relation to their price-earnings ratios: A test of the efficient market hypothesis.Journal of Finance, 32, 663–682.
2.
BlackJ., & RoseL. (1991). Evidence of direct foreign investment strategies impact on firm value.Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 1(3), 81–105.
3.
BrealeyR., & MyersS. (1991). Principles of corporate finance.New York: McGraw-Hill.
4.
CopelandT., KollerT., & MurrinJ. (1990). Valuation: Measuring and managing the value of companies.New York: John Wiley & Sons.
5.
GordonM. (1959). Dividends, earnings and stock prices.Review of Economics and Statistics, May, 99–105.
6.
GrangerC. W. J. (1980). Forecasting in business and economics.New York: Academic Press.
7.
HickmanK., & PetryG. H. (1990). A comparison of stock price predictions using court accepted formulas, dividend discount and P/E models.Financial Management, 19(Summer), 76–87.
8.
JacobN. L., & PettitR. R. (1984). Investments.Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
9.
KamV. (1986). Accounting theory.New York: John Wiley & Sons.
10.
LindenbergE. B., & RossS. A. (1981). Tobin's q ratio and industrial organization.Journal of Business, January, 1–32.
11.
LongeneckerR. (1983). A practical guide to valuation of closely held stock.Trusts and Estates, January, 32–46.
12.
MillerM. H., & ModiglianiF. (1961). Dividend policy, growth, and the valuation of shares.Journal of Business, 34, 411–433.
13.
MontgomeryC. A., & WernerfeltB. (1988). Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin's q.Rand Journal of Economics, Winter, 623–632.
14.
PrattS. P. (1986). Valuing small businesses and professional practices.Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
15.
Revenue Ruling 59-60 1959-1 Cum. Bull.237.
16.
StewartG. B. (1991). Quest for value.New York: HarperCollins.
17.
WaldronD., & HubbardC. M. (1991). Valuation methods and estimates in relationship to investing versus consulting.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(1), 43–52.
18.
WeissD. (1987). Valuation of closely held stocks—A recent decision.CPA Journal, June, 40–46.