Levels of Analysis in Entrepreneurship Research: Current Research Practice and Suggestions for the Future

Ajzen I. , & Fishbein M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888–918.

Aldrich H. (1999). Organizations evolving. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Aldrich H. , & Zimmer C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In Sexton D. , & Smilor R. (Eds.), The art and science of entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: Balinger.

Aldrich H. A. , Renzuli L. , & Langton N. (1998). Passing on the privilege: Resources provided by self-employed parents to their self-employed children. In Liecht K. (Ed.), Research in social stratification and mobility. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Alsos G. A. , & Kolvereid L. (1998). The gestation process of novice, serial and parallel business founders. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 22(4), 101–114.

Baumol W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive and destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 893–921.

Baumol W. J. (1993). Entrepreneurship, management and the structure of payoffs. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Bhave M. P. (1994). A process model of entrepreneurial venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(3), 223–242.

Birch D. (1979). The job generating process. Cambridge, MA: MIT Program on Neighborhood and Regional Change.

Birley S. , & Stockley S. (2000). Entrepreneurial teams and venture growth. In Sexton D. L. , & Landström H. (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of entrepreneurship. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Brown T. (1996). Resource orientation, entrepreneurial orientation and growth: How the perception of resource availability affects small firm growth. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University.

Brown T. E. , & Davidsson P. (1998). Entrepreneurial orientation versus entrepreneurial management: Relating Miller/Covin & Slevin's conceptualization of entrepreneurship to Stevenson's. Paper presented at the 1998 Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Gent, Belgium, May 21–23.

Bruno A. V. , & Tyebjee T. T. (1982). The environment for entrepreneurship. In Kent C. A. , Sexton D. L. , & Vesper K. H. (Eds.), The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Brush C. G. , & Chaganti R. (1997). Resources in new and small ventures: Influences on performance outcomes. Paper presented at the 1997 Babson Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Wellesley, MA, April 17–19.

Brush C. G. , Greene P. G. , Hart M. , & Edelman L. (1997). Resource configurations over the life cycle of ventures. In Reynolds P. D. , Bygrave W. D. , Carter N. M. , Davidsson P. , Gartner W. B. , Mason C. M. , & McDougall P. P. (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Busenitz L. W. , & Barney J. B. (1997). Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in small firms: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(1), 9–30.

Carter N. M. , Gartner W. B. , & Reynolds P. D. (1996). Exploring start-up event sequences. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(3), 151–166.

Chandler G. N. , & Hanks S. H. (1994). Market attractiveness, resource-based capabilities, venture strategies, and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(4), 331–349.

Church A. T. , & Burke P. J. (1994). Exploratory and confirmatory tests of the big five and Telegen's three-and four-dimensional models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(1), 93–114.

Cooper A. C. (1995). Challenges in predicting new venture performance. In Bull I. , Thomas H. , & Willard G. (Eds.), Entrepreneurship: Perspectives on theory building. London: Elsevier Science Ltd.

Cooper A. C. , & Gimeno-Gascon F. J. (1992). Entrepreneurs, processes of founding and new firm performance. In Sexton D. , & Kasarda J. (Eds.), The state of the art in entrepreneurship. Boston, MA: PWS Publishing Co.

Cooper A. C. , Gimeno-Gascon F. J. , & Woo C. Y. (1994). Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(5), 371–395.

Covin J. G. , & Slevin D. P. (1986). The development and testing of an organizational-level entrepreneurship scale. In Ronstadt R. , Hornaday J. A. , Peterson R. , & Vesper K. H. (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research, pp. 628–639. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Covin J. G. , & Slevin D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(January), 75–87.

Covin J. G. , & Slevin D. P. (1991). A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(1), 7–25.

Curran J. , & Blackburn R. (1994). Small firms and local economic networks. The death of the local economy? London: Paul Chapman Publishing.

Davidsson P. , & Henreksson M. (forthcoming). Institutional determinants of the prevalence of start-up and high-growth firms: Evidence from Sweden. Small Business Economics.

Davidsson P. , & Wiklund J. (2000). Conceptual and empirical challenges in the study of firm growth. In Sexton D. , & Landström H. (Eds.), The Blackwell handbook of entrepreneurship. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Delmar F. , & Davidsson P. (2000). Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12, 1–23.

DiPrete T. A. , & Forristal J. D. (1994). Multilevel models: Methods and substance. Annual Review of Sociology, 20, 331–357.

Fritsch M. (1992). Regional differences in new firm formation: Evidence from West Germany. Regional Studies, 26, 233–241.

Gartner W. B. (1988). “Who is an Entrepreneur” is the wrong question. American Small Business Journal (Spring), 11–31.

Gartner W. B. (1989). Some suggestions for research on entrepreneurial traits and characteristics. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (Fall), 27–37.

Gartner W. B. , & Brush C. B. (1999). Entrepreneurship as organizing: Emergence, newness, and transformation. Academy of Management Entrepreneurship Division Doctoral Consortium: Chicago.

Gasse Y. (1996). Entrepreneurial characteristics inventory: Validation process of an instrument of entrepreneurial profiles (summary). In (Eds.), Frontiers in entrepreneurship research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Gratzer K. (1996). Småföretagandets villkor. Automatrestauranger under 1900-talet (Conditions for small firms. Automated restaurants during the twentieth century). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wicksell.

Gratzer K. (1999). The making of a new industry—The introduction of fast food in Sweden. In Johannisson B. , & Landström H. (Eds.), Images of entrepreneurship research—Emergent Swedish contributions to academic research. Lund, Sweden: Studentlitteratur.

Greene P. , & Brown T. (1997). Resource needs and the dynamic capitalism typology. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(3), 161–173.

Hagen E. E. (1962). On the theory of social change: How economic growth begins. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.

Harrison B. (1994). Lean and mean: The changing landscape of corporate power in the age of flexibility. New York: Basic Books.

Hofstede G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Höglund B. , Lundgren M. , & Songsong R. (1999). The unit of analysis in entrepreneurship search: A survey of 130 articles. Jönköping, Sweden: The PEG Program, Jönköping International Business School.

Hornaday R. V. (1990). Dropping the e-words from small business research: An alternative typology. Journal of Small Business Management, 28(4), 22–33.

Johnson B. P. (1990). Toward a multidimensional model of entrepreneurship: The case of achievement motivation and the entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(3), 39–54.

Kamm J. B. , Shuman J. C. , Seeger J. A. , & Nurick A. J. (1990). Entrepreneurial teams in new venture creation: A research agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(4), 7–17.

Keeble D. , Potter J. , & Storey D. J. (1990). Cross national comparisons of the role of SMEs in regional economic growth in the European community. Working paper. Cambridge: University of Cambridge & University of Warwick.

Low M. B. , & MacMillan I. C. (1988). Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. Journal of Management, 14, 139–161.

Lumpkin G. T. , & Dess G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172.

Lynn R. (1991). The secret of the miracle economy. Different national attitudes to competitiveness and money. London: The Social Affaires Unit.

McClelland D. C. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.

McGrath R. G. (1999). Falling forward: Real options reasoning and entrepreneurial failure. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 13–30.

Miller D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29, 770–791.

Miner J. B. (1996). Evidence for the existence of a set of personality types, defined by psychological tests, that predict entrepreneurial success. In Reynolds P. D. , Birley S. , Butler J. E. , Bygrave W. D. , Davidsson P. , Gartner W. B. , & McDougall P. P. (Eds.), Frontiers in entrepreneurship research. Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

Mölleryd B. (1999). Entrepreneurship in technological systems–The development of mobile telephony in Sweden. Doctoral dissertation. The Economic Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.

Moran P. , & Ghoshal S. (1999). Markets, firms, and the process of economic development. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 390–412.

Mosakowski E. (1998). Entrepreneurial resources, organizational choices, and competitive outcomes. Organization Science, 9(6), 625–643.

Piore M. J. , & Sabel C. F. (1984). The second industrial divide. New York: Basic Books.

Raffa M. , Zollo G. , & Caponi R. (1996). The development process of small firms. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 8, 135–372.

Reynolds P. D. (1997). Who starts new firms? Preliminary explorations of firms-in-gestation. Small Business Economics, 9, 449–462.

Reynolds P. D. (1999). Creative destruction: Source or symptom of economic growth? In Acs Z. J. , Carlsson B. , & Karlsson C. , (Eds.), Entrepreneurship, small & medium-sized firms and the macroeconomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Reynolds P. D. (Forthcoming). National panel study of US business start-ups. Background and methodology. In Katz J. A. (Ed.), Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (vol. 4). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Reynolds P. D. , Hay M. , & Camp S. M. (1999). Global entrepreneurship monitor: 1999 executive report: Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation: Kansas City, Missouri.

Reynolds P. D. , Storey D. J. , & Westhead P. (1994). Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation rates. Regional Studies, 28(4), 443–456.

Reynolds P. D. , Miller B. , & Maki W. (1991). Regional characteristics affecting new firm births. In Churchill N. , Bygrave W. , Covin J. G. , Sexton D. L. , Slevin D. P. , Vesper K. H. , & Wetzel W. E. Jr. , Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Babson College: Wellesley, MA.

Romano C. , & Ratnatunga J. (1997). A “citation classics” analysis of articles in contemporary small enterprise research. Journal of Business Venturing, 12, 197–212.

Sarasvathy S. D. (1999). Decision making in the absence of markets: An empirically grounded model of entrepreneurial expertise. Seattle: School of Business, University of Washington.

Schumpeter J. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press.

Shane S. , & Venkataraman S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226.

Shane S. (1992). Why do some societies invent more than others? Journal of Business Venturing, 7(1), 29–46.

Shapero A. , & Sokol L. (1982). The social dimension of entrepreneurship. In Kent C. A. , Sexton D. L. , & Vesper K. H. (Eds.), The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice Hall.

Staber U. H. (1996). Networks and regional development: Perspectives and unresolved issues. In Staber U. H. , Schaefer N. V. , & Sharma B. (Eds.), Business networks. Prospects for regional development. Berlin: Walter de Gruyer.

Stanworth J. , Blythe S. ., Granger B. , & Stanworth C. (1989). Who becomes an entrepreneur? International Small Business Journal, 8(1), 11–22.

Stanworth M. J. , & Curran J. (1973). Management motivation in the smaller business. Epping, Essex: Gower Press.

Stevenson H. H. , & Jarillo J. C. (1990). A paradigm of entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial management. Strategic Management Journal, 11(1), 17–27.

Thornton P. H. (1999). The sociology of entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 19–46.

Van de Ven A. H. , Venkataraman S. , Polley D. , & Garud R. (1989). Processes of new business creation in different organizational settings. In Van de Ven A. H. , Angle H. , & Poole M.S. (Eds.), Research on the management of innovation: The Minnesota studies, pp. 222–226. New York: Harper/Ballinger.

Van de Ven A. H. , Polley D. E. , Garud R. , & Venkataraman S. (1999). The innovation journey. Oxford University Press: New York.

Venkataraman S. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research: An editor's perspective. In Katz J. , & Brockhaus J. (Eds.), Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth, (3). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Walsh S. T. (1995). The role of core capabilities in producing competitive advantage: Longitudinal evidence from the semiconductor silicon industry. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.

Walsh S. T. , & Kirchhoff B. A. (1998). The influence of competencies and capabilities on strategies and performance of technology intensive new ventures. Paper presented at the ICSB World Conference, Naples. Italy, June 19–22.

Westhead P. , & Moyes A. (1992). Reflections on Thatcher's Britain: Evidence from new production form registration 1980–88. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5, 21–56.

Wiklund J. (1998). Small firm growth and performance: Entrepreneurship and beyond. Jönköping: Jönköping International Business School.

Zahra S. (1991). Predictors and financial outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship: An explorative study. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(4), 259–285.

Zahra S. A. , Karutko D. F. , & Jennings D. F. (1999). Guest editorial: Entrepreneurship and the acquisition of dynamic organizational capabilities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 10(Spring), 510.