Ruminant Paratuberculosis—a Century of Progress and Frustration

Abbas B Riemann HP Behymer DE : 1983, Evaluation of the fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 44:720–721.

Abbas B Riemann HP Lannerdal B : 1983, Isolation of specific peptides from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis protoplasm and their use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in cattle. Am J Vet Res 44:2229–2236.

Allen WM Saba N Patterson DSP : 1968, Mycobacterium johnei infection of cattle. The effect of corticotrophin and anabolic steroids. Vet Rec 82:562–567.

Almejan CS : 1958, Johne's disease in yaks. Mh Vet Med 13:645–649.

Amand WB : 1974, Paratuberculosis in a dromedary camel. Annu Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet, Atlanta, GA pp. 150–153.

Angus KW : 1990, Intestinal lesions resembling paratuberculosis in a wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Comp Pathol 103:101–105.

Arnoldi JM Hurley S : 1983, Johne's disease in Wisconsin cattle-a survey of cull cows. Proc Int Colloq Res Paratuberculosis, Ames, IA, June 16–19, pp. 16–21.

Babiker A Riemann HP Lonnerdal D : 1983, Isolation of specific peptides from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis protoplasm and their use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in cattle. Am J Vet Res 44:2229–2236.

Bang B : 1906, Chronische pseudotuberkulose Darmentzuendung beim Rinde. Berl Tieraerztl Wochenschr 42:759–763.

Barclay R Ratledge C : 1983, Iron-binding compounds of Mycobacterium avium, M, intracellulare, and mycobactin-dependent M. paratuberculosis and M. avium. J Bacterial 153:1138–1146.

Bendixen PH Block B Berg Jorgensen J : 1981, Lack of intracellular degradation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by bovine macrophages infected in vitro and in vivo: Light microscopic and electron microscopic observations. Am J Vet Res 42:109–113.

Benedictus G Bosma J : 1985, The intravenous administration of johnin in the diagnosis of paratuberculosis in practice. Vet Q 7:139–145.

Benedictus G Haagsma J : 1986, The efficacy of mesenteric lymph node biopsy in the eradication of paratuberculosis from an infected dairy farm. Vet Q 8:5–11.

Born W Happ MP Dallas C : 1990, Recognition of heat shock proteins and λσ cell function. Immunol Today 11:40–43.

Braun RK Buergelt CD Littell RC : 1990, Use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to estimate prevalence of paratuberculosis in cattle of Florida. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1251–1254.

Buergelt CD Hall C McEntee K Duncan JR : 1978, Pathologic evaluation of paratuberculosis in naturally infected cattle. Vet Pathol 15:196–207.

Chandler RL : 1956, A micro-complement fixation for Johne's and its application to diagnosis in cattle and sheep. Vet Rec 68:819–825.

Chensue SW Davey MP Remick DG Kunkel SL : 1986, Release of interleukin-1 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with tuberculosis and active inflammation. Infect Immun 52:341–343.

Chiodini RJ Van Kruiningen HJ : 1983, Eastern white-tailed deer as a reservoir of ruminant paratuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:168–169.

Chiodini RJ Van Kruiningen HJ : 1986, The prevalence of paratuberculosis in New England. Cornell Vet 76:91–104.

Chiodini RJ Van Kruiningen HJ Merkal RS : 1984, Ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne's disease): The current status and future prospects. Cornell Vet 74:218–262.

Chiodini RJ Van Kruiningen HJ Thayer WR : 1984, Possible role of mycobacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. I. An unclassified mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 29:1073–1079.

Chiodini RJ Van Kruiningen HJ Thayer HJ Coutu JA : 1986, Spheroplastic phase of mycobacteria isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. J Clin Microbiol 24:357–363.

Collins DM Gabric DM De Lisle GW : 1989, Identification of a repetitive DNA sequence specific to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Fed Eur Microbiol Sot Microbiol Lett 60:175–178.

Delisle GW Samagh BS Duncan JR : 1980, Bovine paratuberculosis. II. A comparison of fecal culture and antibody response. Can J Comp Med 44:183–191.

Dierckins MS Sherman DM Gendron-Fitzpatrick A : 1990, Probable paratuberculosis in a Sicilian ass. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:459–461.

Downham KD : 1950, Johne's disease in cattle. Vet Rec 62: 441.

Elsken LA Lewis-Hintz AM Whipple DL : 1985, The pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in goats. Proc Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn pp. 121–130.

Eveleth DF Gifford R : 1943, Johne's disease in farm animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 102:27–32.

Gasse H : 1962, Prophylaxie medicale et sanitare de la paratuberculosis. Bull Off Int Epizoot 58:51–64.

Gilmour NJL Angus KW : 1976, The specificity and sensitivity of the fluorescent antibody test in cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium johnei. Res Vet Sci 20:6–9.

Gilmour NJL Angus KW : 1976, The specificity and sensitivity of the fluorescent antibody test for Mycobacterium johnei infection in abattoir and culled cattle. Res Vet Sci 20:10–12.

Gitnick G Collins J Beaman B : 1989, Preliminary report on isolation of mycobacteria from patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 34:925–932.

Hallman ET Witter JF : 1933, Some observations on the pathology of Johne's disease. Vet Rec 15:85–86.

Haregoin A Godal T Mustafa AS : 1983, T-cell conditioned media reverse T-cell unresponsiveness in lepromatous leprosy. Nature 303:342–344.

Hines SA Buergelt CD Wilson JH Bliss EL : 1987, Disseminated Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:681–683.

Hole NH : 1958, Johne's disease. Adv Vet Sci 4:341–348.

Hurley SS Splitter GA Welch RA : 1989, Development of a diagnostic test for Johne's disease using a DNA hybridization probe. J Clin Microbiol 27:1582–1587.

Janeway CA Jones B Hayday A : Specificity and function of T cells bearing 76 receptors. Immunol Today 9:73–77.

Jansen J : 1948, Paratuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 112:52–54.

Jessup DA Abbas B Behymer D Gogan P : 1981, Paratuberculosis in tule elk in California. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:1252–1254.

Johne HA Frothingham J : 1895, Ein eigenthuemlicher fall von tuberculose beim rind. Dtsch Z Tiermed Pathol 21:438–454.

Jorgensen JB Jensen PT : 1978, Enzyme-linked immunosor-bent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cattle. Acta Vet Stand 19:310–312.

Kopecky KE : 1977, Distribution of paratuberculosis in Wisconsin by soil region. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:320–344.

Kopecky KE Booth GD Merkal RS Larsen AB : 1971, Hematologic changes associated with intravenous johnin testing in cattle. Am J Vet Res 32:1343–1347.

Kopecky KE Larsen AB Merkal RS : 1967, Uterine infection in bovine paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 28:1043–1045.

Kormendy B : 1990, Paratuberculosis in a cattle herd: Comparison of allergic, serologic and faecal microscopic tests. Acta Microbiol Hung 37:219–222.

Kreeger JM Snider TG III : 1991, Measurement of interleukin-2 (IL-2) activity of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle with chronic paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res (in press).

Kreeger JM Snider TG III Olcott BM : 1987, Rectal biopsy as an adjunct to the diagnosis of clinical paratuberculosis. Proc 38th Annu Meet Am Coll Vet Pathol, p. 61.

Kreeger JM Snider TG III Olcott BM : 1991, Spontaneous murine thymocyte comitogenic activity consistent with interleukin 1 in cattle with chronic paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol (in press).

Larsen AB Groth AH : 1949, Johne's disease in the United States. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 44:294–295.

Larsen AB Kopecky KE : 1965, Studies on the intravenous administration of johnin to diagnose Johne's disease. Am J Vet Res 26:673–675.

Larsen AB Kopecky KE : 1970, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in reproductive organs and semen of bulls. Am J Vet Res 31:255–258.

Larsen AB Merkal RC Cutlip RS : 1975, Age ofcattle as related to resistance to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 36:255–257.

Larsen AB Moon HW : 1972, Experimental Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in chickens. Am J Vet Res 33:1231–1235.

Larsen AB Moon HW Merkal RS : 1971, Susceptibility of swine to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 32:589–595.

Larsen AB Vardaman TH Merkal RS : 1963, An extended study of a herd naturally infected with Johne's disease. I. The significance of the intradermal johnin test. Am J Vet Res 24:91–93.

Larsen AB Vardaman TH Merkal RS : 1963, An extended study of a herd naturally infected with Johne's disease. II. The significance of the complement fixation test. Am J Vet Res 24:948–950.

Larsen AB Vardaman TH Merkal RS : 1963, An extended study of a herd naturally infected with Johne's disease. III. The significance of the hemagglutination inhibition test. Am J Vet Res 26:254–257.

Lawrence WE : 1956, Congenital infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in cattle. Vet Rec 68:312–314.

Lepper AWD : 1989, The aetiology and pathogenesis of Johne's disease. In: Johne's disease. Current trends in research, diagnosis and management, pp. 74–86. CSIRO, Victoria, Australia.

Lepper AW Embury DH Anderson DA Lewis VM : 1989, Effects of altered dietary iron intake in Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected dairy cattle: Sequential observations on growth, iron and copper metabolism and development of paratuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 46:289–296.

Lepper AWD Jarrett RG Lewis VM : 1988, The effect of different levels of iron intake on the multiplication of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in C57 and C3H mice. Vet Microbiol 16:369–383.

Lepper AWD Wilks CR : 1988, Intracellular iron storage and the pathogenesis of paratuberculosis. Comparative studies with other mycobacterial, parasitic or infectious conditions of veterinary importance. J Comp Pathol 98:31–53.

Libke KG Walton AM : 1975, Presumptive paratuberculosis in a Virginia white-tailed deer. J Wildl Dis 11:552–553.

Macindoe RHF : 1950, What can we do about Johne's disease? Aust Vet J 26:85–86.

McClure HM Chiodini RJ Anderson DC : 1987, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in a colony of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides). J Infect Dis 155:1011–1019.

McFadden JJ Butcher PD Chiodini RJ Hermon-Taylor J : 1987, Crohn's disease-isolated mycobacteria are identical to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, as determined by DNA probes that distinguish between mycobacterial species. J Clin Microbiol 25:796–801.

McKenzie RA Ward WH : 1981, Rhodococcus (Corynebac-terium) equi: A possible cause of reactions to the complement fixation test for Johne's disease of cattle. Aust Vet J 57:200–201.

Merkal RS : 1973, Laboratory diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:1100–1102.

Merkal RS : 1984, Paratuberculosis: Advances in cultural, serologic and vaccination methods. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:939–943.

Merkal RS Whipple DL Sacks JM Snyder GR : 1987, Prevalence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in ileocecal lymph nodes of cattle culled in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:676–680.

Milner AR : 1987, Analysis by ELISA and Western blotting of antibody reactivities in cattle infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis after absorption with M. phlei. Res Vet Sci 42:140–144.

Momotani E Whipple DL Thiermann AB : 1988, The distribution of ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin in granulomatous lymphadenitis of bovine paratuberculosis. J Comp Pathol 99:205–214.

Momotani E Whipple DL Thiermann AB Cheville NF : 1988, Role of M cells and macrophages in the entrance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis into domes of ileal Peyer's patches in calves. Vet Pathol 25:131–137.

O'Brien RL Happ MP Dallas A : 1989, Stimulation of a major subset of lymphocytes expressing T cell receptor λσ by an antigen derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell 57:667–674.

Paliwali OP Kumar R Somvanshi R : 1985, The immune spectrum of Mycobacterium johnei infection in goats. Indian Vet J 62:743–747.

Payne JM Rankin JD : 1961, A comparison of the pathogenesis of experimental Johne's disease in calves and cows. Res Vet Sci 2:175–179.

Pearson JK McClelland TG : 1955, Uterine infection and congenital Johne's disease in cattle. Vet Rec 67:615–616.

Pemberton DH : 1979, Diagnosis of Johne's disease in cattle using mesenteric lymph node biopsy: Accuracy in clinical suspects. Aust Vet J 55:217–219.

Rankin JD : 1956, Identification of a strain of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis recovered from a horse. J Pathol Bacterial 72:689–690.

Rankin JD : 1961, The non-specificity of a complement fixation test used in the diagnosis of Johne's disease in cattle. Res Vet Sci 2:89–95.

Rice CE Konst H Smith AN : 1958, Studies of Johne's disease in Canada. III. Diagnostic complement fixation tests. Can J Comp Med 22:249–254.

Richards WD : 1989, In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by iron deprivation: A hypothesis. In: Johne's disease. Current trends in research, diagnosis and management, pp. 87–94. CSIRO, Victoria, Australia.

Richards WD : 1989, Environmental acidity may be the missing piece in the Johne's disease puzzle. In: Johne's disease. Current trends in research, diagnosis and management, pp. 99104. CSIRO, Victoria, Australia.

Richards WD Harris SK Jamagin JL : 1983, Proc Int Colloq Res Paratuberculosis, Ames, IA, June 16–19, pp. 30–41.

Ridley DS Jopling W : 1966, Classification of leprosy according to immunity. Int J Lepr 34:255–273.

Riemann H Zaman MR Ruppanner R : 1979, Paratuberculosis in cattle and free-living exotic deer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:841–843.

Ringdal G : 1963, Johne's disease in pigs. Nord Veterinaermed 15:217–238.

Rohde RF Shulaf WP Huesten WD : 1990, Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from washed bovine ova after in vitro exposure. Am J Vet Res 51:708–710.

Runnels RA : 1955, Case 17 -paratuberculosis in a pig. J Am Vet Med Assoc 127:523–524.

Seitz SE Heider LE Heusten WD : 1989, Bovine fetal infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1423–1426.

Sherman DM Bray B Gay JM Bates F : 1989, Evaluation of the agar gel immunodiffusion test for the diagnosis of subclinical paratuberculosis in cattle. Am J Vet Res 50:525–530.

Sherman DM Gay JM Bouley DS Nelson GH : 1990, Comparison of the complement-fixation and agar gel immunodiffusion tests for the diagnosis of subclinical paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 51:461–465.

Sikes D : 1953, Sensitivity studies with repeated intradermal johnin tests in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). Am J Vet Res 14:12–15.

Smyth RH : 1935, The clinical aspects of Johne's disease. Vet Rec 15:85–86.

Smyth RH Christie GJ : 1950, Some observations on Johne's disease with a further note on the examination of fecal samples. Vet Ret 62:429–450.

Sugden EA Comer AH Samagh BS : 1989, Serodiagnosis of ovine paratuberculosis, using lipoarabinomannan in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Vet Res 50:850–854.

Sugden EA Samagh BS Bundle DR Duncan JR : 1987, Li-poarabinomannan and lipid-free arabinomannan antigens of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Infect Immun 551: 762–770.

Taylor AW : 1953, The experimental infection of cattle with varieties of Mycobacterium johnei isolated from sheep. J Comp Pathol 63:368–373.

Thoen CO Richards WD Jamagin JL : 1977, Mycobacteria isolated from exotic animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:987–990.

Twort FW Ingram GLY : 1912, A method for isolating and cultivating Mycobacterium enteritidis chronicae pseudotuberculosae bovis johne and some experiments on the preparation of a diagnostic vaccine for pseudotuberculosae enteritis of bovines. Proc R Soc Lond 84:517–543.

Twort FW Ingram GLY : 1913, Further experiments with Mycobacterium enteritidis chronicae pseudotuberculosae bovis johne, with vaccines prepared from this organism. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd B 67:126–135.

Vary PH Andersen PR Green E Hermon-Taylor J Mc-Fadden JJ : 1990, Use of highly specific DNA probes and the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Johne's disease.

Watson S Bullock W Nelson K : 1984, Interleukin 1 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leprosy patients. Infect Immun 45:787–789.

Wilks CR Taylor TK Russel EG Thurston TR : 1981, Isolation of mycobacteria inducing cross-reactions in the complement fixation test for Johne's disease. Res Vet Sci 30:323–327.

Williams ES Spraker TR : 1979, Paratuberculosis in free-ranging bighorn sheep and a Rocky Mountain goat with a brief review of the disease in wild species. Annu Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet, Denver, CO, pp. 122–124a.

Williams ES Spraker TR Martin KL : 1983, Pathology of spontaneous and experimental infection of North American wild ruminants with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Vet Pathol 20:274–279.

Williams ES Spraker TR Schoonveld GG : 1979, Paratuber-culosis in bighorn sheep and a Rocky Mountain goat in Colorado. J Wildl Dis 15:221–227.

Yokomizo Y : 1988, Evaluation of ELISA for the diagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis. A proposal of replacing the complement fixation test with ELISA as the official diagnostic test for paratuberculosis in Japan. Proc Int Colloq Res Paratubercu-losis 2:206–214.

Yokomizo Y Merkel RS Lyle PAS : 1983, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine immuno-globulin Gl antibody to a protoplasmic antigen of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 44:2205–2207.

Yokomizo Y Yugi H Merkal RS : 1985, A method for avoiding false-positive reactions in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of bovinearatuberculosis. Jpn J Vet Sci 47:111–119.

Zurbrick BG Czyprynski CJ : 1987, Ingestion and intracellular growth of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis within bovine monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Infect Immun 55:1588–1593.

Zurbrick BG Follet DM Czyprynski CJ : 1989, Cytokine regulation of the intracellular growth of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Infect Immun 56:1692–1697.