Toxigenic Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Associated with an Equine Wound Infection

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1995, Update: diphtheria epidemic—New independent States of the former Soviet Union, 1990–1994. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep 44:177–181.

Glenny AT : 1925, Diphtheria antitoxin in the blood of normal horses. J Pathol Bacteriol 28:241–243.

Halsey N : 1998, Ch 197 Corynebacteria. In: Infectious diseases, ed. Gorbach S. Bartlett J. Blacklow N. , 2nd ed., pp. 1741–1747. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.

Hardy I Dittman S Sutter RW : 1996, Current situation and control strategies for resurgence of diphtheria in the countries of the former Soviet Union. Lancet 347:1739–1744.

Jacobi A : 1969, Veterinary interests in public health. In: Veterinary medicine and human health, ed. Schwalbe CW , 2nd ed., pp. 34–62. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

Krazewska A Anusz Z : 1979, Appearance in domestic animals of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and other Corynebacterium strains pathogenic for man. Przegl Epidemiol 33:269–276.

Krech T Hollis DG : 1991, Corynebacterium and related organisms. In: Manual of clinical microbiology, 5th ed., ed. Balows A Hausler WJ Herrmann KL , pp. 277–285. ASM Press, Washington, DC.

Mikhailovich V Melnikov V Mazurova I : 1995, Application of PCR for detection of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated during the Russian diphtheria epidemic, 1990 through 1994. J Clin Microbiol 33:3061–3063.

Newberne PM : 1969, Environmental hygiene. In: Veterinary medicine and human health, ed. Schwalbe CW , 2nd ed., pp. 511–563. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

Parish HS O'Kell CC : 1926, On the isolation of virulent diphtheria bacilli from wounds of horses. Br J Exp Pathol 7:173–174.

Parks AS Hoare CA : 1969, The animal species Homosapiens. In: Veterinary medicine and human health, ed. Schwalbe CW , 2nd ed., pp. 139–159. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

Popovic T Kim C Reiss J : 1999, Use of molecular subtyping to document long-term persistence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in South Dakota. J Clin Microbiol 37:1092–1099.

Popovic T Kombarova S Reeves M : 1996, Molecular epidemiology of diphtheria in Russia, 1985–1994. J Infect Dis 174:1064–1072.

Stanica F Maximesco P Stojan C : 1968, Niveau de l'immunite antitoxique et le portage de bacilles diphtherique chez les chevaux dans le stade actuel de diminution de la morbidite par la diphtherie. Arch Roum Pathol Exp Microbiol 37:555–562.

Vitek CR Wharton M : 1998, Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union: re-emergence of a pandemic disease. Emerg Infect Dis 4:1–15.

Von Graevenitz AWC Coyle MB Funke G : 1998, Corynebacteria and rare coryneformes. In: Topley and Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections, ed. Collier L Balows A Sussman M , 9th ed., pp. 533–548. Arnold, London, England.

Wu LS Lin JS Rogers PA : 1998, Pharmacological effects of Chinese medicinal formulas, pp. 26–36. Department of Animal Science Publication, National Taiwan University, Taipei, and National Beef Research Center, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland.