This paper analyses various conceptualisations of organisational commitment and posits an inclusive model of commitment derived in part from past research endeavours. Our proposed framework captures six subfactors of commitment framed within five themes (emotion, finance, esteem, culture and focus). The relationship of commitment to strategy and the role of strategy in determining antecedents of commitment are then examined. Additionally, commitment as an intervening variable affected by and affecting various antecedents and consequences respectively are discussed. Finally, the framework is used to identify further areas of research into this important organisational concept.
Abelson, M.1987. Examination of avoidable and unavoidable turnover . Journal of Applied Psychology72: 382-386 .
2.
Adler, P. A. , and P. Adler . 1988. Intense loyalty in organisations: A case study of college athletics . Administrative Science Quarterly33: 401-417 .
3.
Allen, N. , and J. Meyer . 1993. Organisational commitment: Evidence of career stage effects ? Journal of Business Research26: 49-61 .
4.
Arthur, J.1994. Effects of human resource systems on manufacturing performance and turnover . Academy of Management Journal37: 670-687 .
5.
Becker, H.1960. Notes on the concept of commitment . American Journal of Sociology66(1): 32-40 .
6.
Bolon, D.1997. Organizational citizenship behaviour among hospital employees: A multidimensional analysis involving job satisfaction and organizational commitment . Hospital and Health Services Administration42(2): 221-241 .
7.
Buchanan, B.1974. Building organisational commitment: The socialisation of managers in work organisations . Administrative Science Quarterly19: 533-546 .
8.
Cohen, Aaron . 1999. Relationships among five forms of commitment: An empirical assessment . Journal of Organizational Behaviour20: 285-308 .
9.
Crant, J. M.2000. Proactive behaviour in organisations . Journal of Management26(3): 435-462 .
10.
Cropanzano, R. , D. E. Rupp , and Z. S. Byrne2003. The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organisational citizenship behaviour . Journal of Applied Psychology88(1): 160-169 .
11.
Finegan, J.2000. The impact of person and organisational values on organisational commitment . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology73: 149-169 .
12.
Gregerson, H. B.1993. Multiple commitments at work and extrarole behaviour during three stages of organizational tenure . Journal of Business Research26: 31-47 .
13.
Halaby, Charles N.1986. Worker attachment and workplace authority . American Sociological Review51(5): 634-638 .
14.
Halaby, Charles N. , and David L. Weakliem . 1989. Worker control and attachment to the firm . American Journal of Sociology95(3): 549-591 .
15.
Huselid, M. A.1995. The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance . Academy of Management Journal37: 1568-1587 .
16.
Huselid, M. A. , and N. E. Day . 1991. Organisational commitment, job involvement, and turnover: A substantive and methodological analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology76(3): 380-391 .
17.
Jans, N.1989. Organisational commitment, career factors and career/life stage . Journal of Organisational Behaviour10: 247-266 .
18.
Jauch, L. , W. Glueck , and R. Osborn . 1978. Organisational loyalty, professional commitment and academic research productivity . Academy of Management Journal21: 84-92 .
19.
Keller, R. T.1997. Job involvement and organisational commitment as longitudinal predictors of job performance: A study of scientists and engineers . Journal of Applied Psychology82(4): 539-545 .
20.
Ko, J.-W. , J. L. Price , and Charles W. Mueller . 1997. Assessment of Meyer and Allen’s three-component model of organizational commitment in South Korea . Journal of Applied Psychology82(6): 961-973 .
21.
Lincoln, James R. , and Arne L. Kalleberg . 1985. Work organisation and workforce commitment: A study of plants and employees in the US and Japan . American Sociological Review50: 738-760 .
22.
Lincoln, James R. and Arne L. Kalleberg . 1990. Culture, control and commitment: A study of work organisation and work attitudes in the United States and Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
23.
Macduffie, J.1995. Human resource bundles and manufacturing performance: Organisational logic and flexible production systems in the world auto industry . Industrial and Labour Relations Review48: 197-221 .
24.
MacGregor, C.1997. Class in Australia. Sydney: Penguin .
25.
Mathieu, J. E. , and D. M. Zajac . 1990. A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organisational commitment . Psychological Bulletin108(2): 171-194 .
26.
McElroy, J. , P. Morrow and T. Wardlow . 1999. A career stage analysis of police officer work commitment . Journal of Criminal Justice27(6): 507-516 .
27.
Meyer, J. , and N. Allen . 1991. A three-component conceptualisation of organisational commitment . Human Resource Management Review1: 61-89 .
28.
Meyer, J. , and N. Allen . 1997. Commitment in the workplace. In Advanced topics in organizational behaviour, eds J. Barling and K. Kelloway . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications .
29.
Meyer, J. , N. Allen , and C. Smith . 1993. Commitment to organisations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualisation . Journal of Applied Psychology78(4): 538-551 .
30.
Meyer, J. P. and C. A. Smith2000. HRM practices and organisational commitment: Test of a mediation model . Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences17(4): 319-331 .
31.
Montes, J. L. , M. d. M. F. Fuentes , and L. M. M. Fernandez . 2003. Quality management in banking services: An approach to employee and customer perceptions . Total Quality Management14(3): 305-323 .
32.
Morrow, P.1993. The theory and measurement of work commitment. Monographs in organizational behaviour and industrial relations, vol. 15, ed. S. Bacharach . Greenwich: JAI .
33.
Morrow, P. , and J. McElroy . 1987. Work commitment and job satisfaction over three career stages . Journal of Vocational Behaviour30: 330-346 .
34.
Mowday, R.1998. Reflections on the study and relevance of organisational commitment . Human Resource Management Review8(4): 387-401 .
35.
Mowday, R. , L. Porter , and R. Dubin . 1974. Unit performance, situational factors, and employee attitudes . Organisational Behaviour and Human Performance12: 231-248 .
36.
Mowday, R. , L. Porter , and R. Steers . 1982. Employee-organisation linkages: the psychology of commitment, absenteeism and turnover. New York: Academic Press .
37.
Mowday, R. , R. Steers , and L. Porter . 1979. The measurement of organisational commitment . Journal of Vocational Behaviour14: 224-247 .
38.
Mueller, Charles W. , J. Wallace , and James L. Price . 1992. Employee commitment: resolving some issues . Work and Occupations19(3): 211-236 .
39.
Ogilvie, J.1986. The role of human resource management practices in predicting organisational commitment . Group and Organisational Studies11(4): 335-359 .
40.
Ostroff, C.1992. The relationship between satisfaction, attitudes and performance: An organisational level analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology77: 963-974 .
41.
Porter, L. , R. Steers , R. Mowday , and P. Boulian . 1974. Organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians . Journal of Applied Psychology59(5): 603-609 .
42.
Price, James L. and Charles W. Mueller . 1986. Absenteeism and turnover among hospital employees. Greenwich: JAI .
43.
Randall, Donna M. , and Joseph A. Cote . 1991. Interrelationships of work commitment constructs . Work and Occupations18(2): 194-213 .
44.
Randall, Donna M. , D. B. Fedor and C. O. Longenecker . 1990. The behavioural expression of organisational commitment . Journal of Vocational Behaviour36(2): 210-224 .
45.
Redfern, Sally , Shirina Hannan , Ian Norman and Finbarr Martin . 2002. Work satisfaction, stress, quality of care and morale of older people in a nursing home . Health and Social Care in the Community10(6): 512-517 .
46.
Reichers, A. E.1985. A review and reconceptualisation of organisational commitment . Academy of Management Review10(3): 465-476 .
47.
Riketta, M.2002. Attitudinal organisational commitment and job performance: A meta-analysis . Journal of Organisational Behavior23: 257-266 .
48.
Robbins, Stephen P. and Neil Barnwell . 2002. Organisation theory cases and concepts, 4th edn, 138-166. Sydney: Pearson .
49.
Salancik, G. , and J. Pfeffer . 1977. An examination of need satisfaction models of job attitudes . Administrative Science Quarterly2: 427-456 .
50.
Slocum, J. , and W. Cron . 1985. Job attitudes and performance during three career stages . Journal of Vocational Behaviour26: 126-145 .
51.
Smith, D. 1994. Employment externalisation and commitment: A preliminary study . Paper read at 8th Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, Wellington, New Zealand.
52.
Snape, E. and T. Redman2003. An evaluation of a three-component model of occupational commitment: Dimensionality and consequences among United Kingdom human resource management specialists . Journal of Applied Psychology88(1): 152-159 .
53.
Somers, M. and D. Birnbaum2000. Exploring the relationship between commitment profiles and work attitudes, employee withdrawal, and job performance . Public Personnel Management29(3): 353-365 .
54.
Steers, R.1977. Antecedents and outcomes of organisational commitment . Administrative Science Quarterly22(1): 46-56 .
55.
Tsui, A. S. , J. Pearce , L. W. Porter , and A. M. Tripoli1997. Alternative approaches to the employee-organization relationship: does investment in employees pay off ? Academy of Management Journal40(3): 1089-1121 .
56.
Van Dyne, L. and S. Ang1998. Organisational citizenship behaviour of contingent workers in Singapore . Academy of Management Journal41(6): 692-703 .
57.
Wright, T. A. and D. G. Bonett2002. The moderating effects of employee tenure on the relation between organisational commitment and job performance: A meta-analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology87(6): 1183-1190 .
