Diversionary Pathways for Indigenous Youth with Fasd in Western Australia

Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Parliament of Australia, Doing Time – Time for Doing: Indigenous youth in the criminal justice system (2011) 36–7 [2.115].

Amnesty International, “There is always a brighter future”: Keeping Indigenous kids in the community and out of detention in Western Australia (Report, May 2015) 12.

Douglas Heather , The sentencing response to defendants with Alcohol Foetal Spectrum Disorder' (2010) 34(4) Criminal Law Journal 221.

See, eg, Chartrand Larry Forbes-Chilibeck Ella , ‘The Sentencing of Offenders with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome’ (2003) 11 Health Law Journal 35, 40; Committee to Study Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment (National Academy Press, 1996) <http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309052920>.

This project is supported by a grant from the Australian Institute of Criminology through the Criminology Research Grants Program. The views expressed are the responsibility of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Australian Institute of Criminology.

Following Blagg Harry , Crime, Aboriginality and the Decolonization of Justice (Federation Press, 2008).

Douglas , above n 3, 221.

Moore Timothy E Green Melvyn , ‘Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): A Need for Closer Examination by the Criminal Justice System’ (2009) 19 Criminal Reports 99, 99.

Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Parliament of Australia, FASD: The Hidden Harm (2012) 33 [2.97].

O'Leary Colleen , ‘Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Developmental Outcomes’ (2004) 40 Journal of Paediatric Child Health 2.

See, eg, Douglas , above n 3; Milward David , The Sentencing of Aboriginal Accused with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Search for Different Pathways' (2014) 47(3) University of British Columbia Low Review 1025, 1027.

The imposition of requirements on an accused with suspected FASD was described as ‘unrealistic’ in AH v Western Australia [2014] WASCA 228 (10 December 2014) [3] ( Martin CJ Mazza JA Hall J ).

Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Sharing Solutions Symposium, University Club of Western Australia, 13 August 2015. Organised by the School of Advanced Studies, UWA.

Fitzpatrick James , ‘Prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in a population-based sample of children living in remote Australia: The Lililwan Project’ (2015) 51(4) Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 450.

Ibid 450.

Telethon Kids Institute, ‘Research Spotlight: Banksia Hill FASD Project’ <http://alcoholpregnancy.telethonkids.org.au/media/1294107/banksia_web-version.pdf>.

See, eg, Cunneen Christopher White Rob , Juvenile Justice: Youth and Crime in Australia (Oxford University Press, 3rd ed, 2007).

Blagg Harry , Youth Justice in Western Australia: Prepared for the Commissioner for Children and Young People WA (17 December 2009) Commissioner of Children and Young People <http://www.ccyp.wa.gov.au/files/article/Harry%20Blagg%20report%20-%20Youth%20Justice%20in%20Western%20Australia%20-%20FINAL.pdf>.

See Goldson Barry (ed), Dictionary of Youth Justice (Routledge, 2013).

Recommendations 62, 235, 236 and 239 in Commonwealth, Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, National Report (1991) 252, 177, 183.

State of Western Australia v Tax [2010] WASC 208, [19] ( Martin CJ ).

Australian Human Rights Commission, Equal Before the Law: Towards Disability Justice Strategies, February 2013. See also the comments of Reynolds J in The State of Western Australia v BB (a child) [2015] WACC 2.

See, eg, ABC Television, ‘Intellectually impaired Aboriginal woman Rose Fulton to be freed after 21 months in jail with no conviction’, Lateline, 26 June 2014 ( Stewart John ) <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-25/aboriginal-woman-in-jail-without-conviction-to-be-freed/5550790>.

The State of Western Australia v BB (a child) [2015] WACC 2( Reynolds J ).

Crimes (Mental Impairment and Unfitness to be Tried) Act 1997 (Vic) ss 38J(1), 38ZH(7).

Intellectual Disability (Compulsory Care and Rehabilitation) Act 2003 (NZ) s 12(a), (b).

Opened for signature 20 November 1989, 1577 UNTS 3 (entered into force 2 September 1990).

Office of the Inspector of Custodial Services, Mentally impaired accused on ‘custody orders’: Not guilty, but incarcerated indefinitely (2014) Office of the Inspector of Custodial Services, WA <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/publications/tabledpapers.nsf/displaypaper/3911629ae105e733bb91cb8e48257cf30029ad45/$file/1629.pdf>.

Streissguth Ann Kanter Jonathan (eds), The Challenge of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Overcoming Secondary Disabilities (University of Washington Press, 1997).

O'Malley Kieran D , ‘Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: An Overview’ in O'Malley Kieran D (ed), ADHD and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (Nova Science Publishing, 2007) 11.

Justice Committee of FASD Ontario, FASD: After Sentencing (2007).

Douglas , above n 3, 224, citing Burd Larry , ‘Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in the Canadian Corrections System’ (2003) 1 Journal of FAS International 2.

Boland Fred J , Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Implications for Correctional Service (Correctional Services Canada, 1998) <http://www.rethinking.org.nz/assets/FASD/08_Fetal_Alcohol_Syndrome_lmplications_for_Correctional_Service_1998.pdf> [2].

Douglas , above n 3, 225, citing Koren Gideon , ‘Hypothetical Framework: FASD and Criminality–Causation or Association? The Limits of Evidence Based Knowledge’ (2004) 2 Journal of FAS International 1, 4.

The proportion of Aboriginal young people referred to JJTs in the Kimberley rase fram 8.4% in 2008 to around 19% in 2011–13. Police Statistics 2008–2013 from the Western Australia Police to the Kimberley Institute, October 2014.

Amnesty International, above n 2, 6, 35.

Douglas , above n 3.

Blagg Harry , ‘Re-imagining youth justice: Cultural Contestation in the Kimberley Region of Australia since the 1991 Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody’ (2012) 16(4) Theoretical Criminology 481, 48I–9.