CashmoreJudy, ‘The Link Between Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Offending: Systems Neglect Of Adolescents’, Family Matters, No 89 (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2011).
2.
HughesNathan, ‘Nobody Made the Connection: The Prevalence of Neurodisability in Young People who Offend’ (Children's Commissioner for England, October 2012).
3.
Criminogenic refers to circumstances that correlate with criminal behaviour.
4.
US National Council on Disability, Addressing the Needs of Youth with Disabilities in the Juvenile Justice System: The Current Status of Evidenced-based Research' (2003); MearsDaniel PAronLaudan Y, Addressing the Needs of Youth with Disabilities in the Juvenile Justice System: The Current State of Knowledge' (Urban Institute Justice Policy Centre, 2003); Hughes, above n 2; Call for a Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty, Launch of the Campaign (4 May 2014) 1 <http://www.childrendeprivedofiberty.info/wordpress/?event=723>.
5.
Australian Medical Association (AMA), Position Statement on Health and the Criminal Justice System (2012).
6.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Youth Detention Population in Australia, Juvenile Justice Series No 16 (Canberra, 2014) vii.
7.
Ibid.
8.
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) article 37(b).
9.
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules) commentary Rule 1.
PatelDilip R, (eds), Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: Clinical Care for Children and Young Adults (Springer, 2011) 1.
13.
Ibid1.
14.
ShevellMichael, ‘Present Conceptualization of Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disabilities’ (2010) 25(1) Journal of Child Neurology120, 120. Those diagnosed with neurodisabilities show atypical development in at least one of the four domains of 1) motor, 2) speech and language, 3) social-emotional and 4) cognitive functioning.
15.
Patel, above n 12, 1.
16.
Ibid; MorrisChristopher, ‘Towards a Definition of Neurodisability: A Delphi Survey’ (2013) 55(12) Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology1, 3; MearsAron, above n 4, ii.
17.
Morris, above n 16, 1; Shevell, above n 14, 120.
18.
Hughes, above n 2, 22.
19.
Ibid9–12.
20.
Ibid5.
21.
CaireLaura, Back on Track: Speech Pathology in Youth (Justice) Custodial Education Project Report (Speech Pathology Association of Australia, 2013) 6.
22.
Hughes, above n 2, 45.
23.
Ibid23.
24.
Ibid71.
25.
Ibid45.
26.
Refer to Oxford Handbook of Crime Prevention, (Oxford University Press, 2012) 46–51 for an overview of the progressive examination of the relationship between individual behavioural characteristics and criminal offending.
27.
Refer to the following for examples of discussion on other issues impacting juvenile offending behaviour: MalvasoCatia GaetanoDelfabbroPaul, ‘Offending Behaviour Among Young People with Complex Needs in the Australian Out-of-Home Care System’ (2015) Journal of Child and Family Studies <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10826-015-0157-z#page-1>; AIHW, Children and Young People at Risk of Social Exclusion: Links Between Homelessness, Child Protection and Juvenile Justice, Data Linkage Series No 13 (Canberra, 2012); Linda Gilmore, Pathways to Prevention: Developmental and Early Intervention Approaches to Crime in Australia (National Crime Prevention, Attorney-General's Department, 1999); Kelly Richards, What Makes Juvenile Offenders Different to Adult Offenders?, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No 409 (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011).
28.
Hughes, above n 2, 5.
29.
AMA, above n 5.
30.
OmbudsmanVictorian, ‘Whistleblower Protection Act 2001 – Investigation into Conditions at the Melbourne Youth Justice Precinct’ (October 2010).
31.
Ibid [245]-[246].
32.
Ibid [251].
33.
Caire, above n 21, 17.
34.
MurrayBrendanWitterMaddie, ‘Parkville – A Learning Community in Action’ (unpublished, Parkville College, Victoria, 2012) 4.
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, Children's Rights In Juvenile Justice, General Comment No 10 (2007) 13 [40]: ‘the Committee wishes to emphasise that a key condition for a proper and effective implementation of these rights or guarantees is the quality of the persons involved in the administration of juvenile justice’.
42.
CaireLaura, Disability and Additional Needs Co-ordinator/Speech Pathologist, Parkville College, 23 June 2014.
43.
Ibid.
44.
MearsAron, above n 4, iii, 3.
45.
Ibidii; National Council on Disability, above n 4, 49.
