Females in Custody in the Act

ACT Corrective Services (‘ACTCS’), cited in Knowledge Consulting, Independent Review of Operations at the Alexander Maconochie Centre (2011).

See Bartels Lorana Gaffney Antoinette , ‘Good Practice in Women's Prisons’ (Technical and Background Paper No 41, AIC, 2011).

Australian Bureau of Statistics (‘ABS’), ‘Corrective Services, Australia, December Quarter 2013’ (Cat No 4512.0, 2014) Table 4.

Ibid Table 5.

ABS, ‘Women Prisoners Increasing at a Faster Rate Than Men’ (Media Release, 6 December 2012); Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision, ‘Report on Government Services 2014’ (Volume C, Productivity Commission, 2014) (‘ROGS’) Table 8A. 1.

ABS, above n 3.

Ibid Table 4.

Ibid.

ABS, ‘Prisoners in Australia, 2012’ (Cat No 45 17.0, 2013) Table 18.

ACT Human Rights Commission (‘ACTHRC’), ‘Human Rights Audit on the Conditions of Detention of Women at the AMC’ (2014).

ACTCS, ‘Annual Report 2012–2013’ (2013).

Hannah-Moffatt Kelly , ‘Sacrosanct or Flawed: Risk, Accountability and Gender-responsive Penal Politics’ (2010) 22 Current Issues in Criminal Justice (CICJ) 193, 208.

Halsey Mark , ‘Negotiating Conditional Release’ (2006) 8 Punishment and Society 147, 148.

Pollack Shoshana , ‘You Can't Have It Both Ways: Punishment and Treatment of Imprisoned Women’ (2009) 20 Journal of Progressive Human Services 112, 113. See also, Mason Gail Stubbs Julie . ‘Beyond Prison: Women, Incarceration and Justice’ (2010) 22 CICJ 190; Segrave Marie Carlton Bree , ‘Women, Trauma, Criminalisation and Imprisonment’ (2010) 22 CICj 287.

Knowledge Consulting, above n 1; ACTHRC, above n 10; Sparke Megan Easteal Patricia , Does it Make a Difference? The Human Rights Act and Women Inmates (UC, 2011).

Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT) ('HRA) s 8.

Ibid s 11.

Ibid s 12.

Ibid s 18–19.

Ibid s 27A.

ICCPR, opened for signature 16 December 1966, GA 2200A (XXI) (entered into force 23 March 1976) Articles 7, 10(1) and 10(3). See also United Declaration of Human Rights (entered into force 10 December 1948).

CEDAW, opened for signature 18 December 1979, GA 34/180 (entered into force 3 September 1981) Article 2.

CAT, opened for signature 10 December 1984, GA 3452 (XXX) (entered into force 26 June 1987) Article 11.

ICCPR, above n 21, Article 10(1).

CEDAW, above n 22.

United Nations (UN), Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners. GA 45/111 (adopted 14 December 1990).

Ibid.

UN, Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules) GA 16/2010 (adopted 15 October 2010).

See Bartels Gaffney , n 2.

Conference for Correctional Administrators, Standard Guidelines for Corrections in Australia (2004) [1.41].

See, eg, Easteal Patricia , ‘Women in Australian Prisons’ (2001)81 Prison Journal 87; Equal Opportunity Commission, Women Prisoners in Victoria (2006); Anti-Discrimination Commission Qld, Women in Prison (2006); Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee Vic, Inquiry Into the Impact of Drug-related Offending on Female Prisoner Numbers: Interim Report (Parliament of Victoria, 2010).

Baldry Eileen , ‘Women in Transition: From Prison to….’ (2010) 22 CICJ 253, 254.

Forsythe Lubica Gaffney Antonette , ‘Mental Disorder Prevalence at the Gateway to the Criminal Justice System’ (No 438, AIC, 2012); ABS, ‘Australian Social Trends 2004’ (Cat No 4102.0, 2004).

Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault, Addressing Women's Victimisation Histories in Custodial Settings' (2012) 13 ACSSA Issues 3.

Stoové Mark Kirwan Amy , External Component of the Evaluation of Drug Policies and Services and Their Subsequent Effects on Prisoners and Staff within the Alexander Maconochie Centre (Burnet Institute, 2011).

Easteal , above n 31; O'Connor Claire , ‘Women in Prison – Victim or Offender?’ (2007) 81 Low Society of SA Bulletin 26.

Walsh Tamara , ‘Diverting Mentally III Women Away From Prison in New South Wales’ (2003) 10 Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 227.

See, eg, Kilroy Debbie Pate Kim , ‘Activism around Gendered Penal Practices’ (2010) 22 CICJ 325.

Kilroy Debbie George Amanda , ‘Women and Prison’ in Easteal Patricia , (ed), Women and the Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 2010). It has been suggested this is in breach of international human rights conventions, and that ‘[t]he ACT must be unique in Australia in its disregard for this rule’: Biles David , ‘No Escaping Problems at Jail’, Canberra Times, 8 February 2013. However, ACTHRC determined this was reasonable, given the small number of women at the AMC: ACTHRC, above n 10, 77.

Easteal , above n 31.

Ibid.

Kilroy George , above n 39; Stoové Kirwan , above n 35.

Justice Action, Women in Prison – Summary (2010).

Easteal Patricia , 'Overseas-born Women in Australian Prisons (1993) 21 Journal of Criminal Justice 173; Bartels Lorana , 'Painting the Picture of Indigenous Women in Custody in Australia (2012) 2(2) QUT Law and Justice Journal 1.

Bartels Gaffney , above n 2, 1.

ACTCS, Operating Philosophy (2010).

See ACT Standing Committee on Justice and Community Safety (JCS), The Proposed ACT Prison Facility: Philosophy and Principles (1999); Mackay Anita , ‘The Road to the ACT's First Prison (the Alexander Maconochie Centre) was Paved with Rehabilitative Intentions’ (2012) 11 Canberra Law Review 33.

HRA s 11.

Ibid s 12. CMA ss 12(1)(d) and 43.

HRA s 18–19.

Ibid s 27A.

See further Discrimination Act 1991 (ACT) ss 4(a)-(c); 7(a)-(c).

Watchirs Helen , ‘Human Rights for Prisoners: The ACT Experience’ (Presented at Our Prisons–Human Rights, Mental Health and Privatisation Seminar, Sydney, September 2009).

Rosenberg Simon , ‘Therapeutic Community for Canberra's New Prison’ (2008) 43 ADCA News 5, 5. See ROGS, 2012; Baldry Eileen : ‘Throughcare: Making the Policy a Reality’ (Paper presented at the Reintegration Puzzle Conference, Sydney, May 2007) 4.

ACTCS, above n 46; CMA s 7; Chapter 6.

See ACT JCS Directorate, Annual Report 2008–09: Volume 1' (2009) 130; ACT government, ACT Women's Plan 2010–2015 (2010) 2.

Ibid (Women's Plan) 16

Corrections Management (Reception and Management of Female Prisoners) Policy 2010 (ACT) 2.

Ibid 2–3.

Ibid 3–4.

Ibid 5.

Ibid 3–4.

Sparke Easteal , above n 15.

Knowledge Consulting, above n 1.

Sparke Easteal , above n 15, 2.

ACTHRC, above n 10.

Knowledge Consulting, above n 1, 247, 258, 261, 262, 270.

Sparke Easteal , above n 15, 6.

ACTHRC, above n 10, 10, 25.

Butler Tony , ‘Mental Disorders in Australian Prisoners’ (2006) 40 ANZ Journal of Psychiatry 272; ACTHRC, above n 10, 121.

Knowledge Consulting, above n 1, 217.

Ibid.

Ibid 110.

ACTHRC, above n 10, 43.

Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory (‘ACTLA’), ‘Government Response to the Human Rights Audit on the Conditions of Detention of Women at the Alexander Maconochie Centre’ (2014), 6.

Sparke Easteal , above n 15, 6.

Bartels Gaffney , above n 2, 49.

Ibid.

Sparke Easteal , above n 15,7.

Ibid 9.

Ibid.

ACTCS, Annual Report 2012–2013 (2013), 112.

CMA ss 9, 12; Chapter 6.

HRA ss 8; 27A(2). See also SDA s 5; Eastman v Chief Executive Officer of the Department of JCS [2010] ACTSC 4 (‘Eastman’).

Lackner Melissa , Prisoner Reentry and Reintegration (Masters Thesis, Edith Cowan University, 2012).

Sparke Easteal , above n 15, 10.

ACTHRC, above n 10, 156; this means falling short of s 12 of the CMA.

Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic).

Corrections Act 1986 (Vic).

ACTCS, above n 82.

CMA ss 9, 12; Chapter 6; HRA ss 8; 27A(2); SDA (Cth) s 5; Eastman, above n 84.

ACTLA, above n 75, 2.

Ibid 18, referencing ACTHRC, above n 10, 150.

Ibid 6.

Kilroy , cited in Wybron Deb Dicker Kiri , ACT Women and Prisons – Invisible Bars (Women's Centre for Health Matters, 2009) 36.

HRA s 8.

Crimes (Sentencing) Act 2005 (ACT) s 33; CMA s 7(d).

ACTHRC, above n 10, 50.