Finding a Fair Reflection on the High Court of Australia

Montreal Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice, art 2.13.

Nolan Rachel , ‘Men of a Certain Age’, The Monthly (May 2014).

Locke John , Two Treatises of Government: Book II (1821), Ch 7, 263 [90].

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art 14.1.

Pitkin Hanna , The Concept of Representation (UC Press, 1967), 8–9.

International Court of Justice, Rules of the Court, art 4(1).

High Court of Australia Act 1979 (Cth) s 11, schedule.

Pitkin , above n 5, 209.

Ibid 60 and 92.

Ibid 60.

See Thornton Margaret , ‘“Otherness” on the Bench: How Merit is Gendered’ (2007) 29 Sydney Law Review 391; Hamilton Barbara , ‘Criteria for Judicial Appointment and “Merit”’ (1999) 15 QUT Law Journal 10.

Shetreet Shimon , ‘Who Will Judge? Reflections on the judicial process and standards of judicial selection’ (1987) 61 Australian Law Journal 766, 776.

Mason Anthony Sir , ‘The Appointment and Removal of Judges’, in Cunningham Helen , (ed), Fragile Bastion (1997) 1, 5.

Cited in Livingston Armytage, Educating Judges (Kluwer, 1996) 57.

Shetreet Shimon , ‘The Doctrinal Reasoning for more Women Judges’ in Shetreet , (ed) Women in Law (Kluwer, 1998) 183, 190.

Davis Rachel Williams George , ‘Reform of the Judicial Appointments Process’ (2003) 27 MULR 819, 820.

Prager and Oberschlick v Austria (1995) 313 Eur Court HR (ser A)[34].

Evans Simon Williams John , ‘Appointing Australian Judges’ (2008) 30 Sydney Law Review 295, 300.

Shetreet Shimon , ‘The Normative Cycle of Shaping Judicial Independence in Domestic and International Law’ (2009) 10 Chicago Journal of International Law 275, 310.

Neumann Eddy , The High Court of Australia: A Collective Portrait 1903 to 1972 (Lawbook, 2nd ed, 1973), 105–106.

Mill John Stuart , On Liberty (1859), 58.

Ifill Sherrilyn , ‘Racial Diversity on the Bench’ (2000) 57 Washington and Lee Law Review 405, 479 and 410.

Lynch Andrew , ‘Judicial Diversity: Is Disagreement a Positive Object in Law?’ (Paper presented at the 2012 International Conference on Law & Society, Honolulu, 5–8 June 2012), 16–17.

Australia: R v L (1991) 174 CLR 379; England: R v R [1991] 4 All ER 481.

See R v Lavallee [1990] I SCR 852 ( Wilson J ).

Green v The Queen (1997) 191 CLR 334. See further Harry Hobbs & Andrew Trotter, ‘How far have we really come?’ (2013) 25(2) Bond Law Review 166, 193–197.

Hamilton , above n 11, 18.

Wilson Bertha , ‘Will Women Judges Really make a Difference?’ (1990) 28 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 507, 515.

Douglas Heather , (eds), Australian Feminist Judgments: Righting and Rewriting Low (Hart, 2014) 21.

Graycar Regina , ‘The Gender of Judgments’ in Thornton Margaret , (ed), Public and Private: Feminist Legal Debates (1997) 262, 268–269.

Shetreet , above n 20, 311.

Supreme Court Act (RSC, 1985, c S-26), s 6.

Reference re Supreme Court Act, ss 5 and 6 [2014] SCC 21.

Special Act of 6 January 1989 on the Constitutional Court, arts 31 and 34.4.

Comella Victor , Constitutional Courts and Democratic Values (2009) 45.

Minister of Finance v Van Heerden [2004] 6 SA 121 (Constitutional Court) 48 [8l] ( Mokgoro J ).

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 1996 (South Africa), s 174(2).

Cowan Ruth , ‘Women's Representation on the Courts in the Republic of South Africa’ (2006) 6 University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class 291, 298.

Shetreet , above n 20, 311.

Official Record of the Debates of the Australasian Federal Convention, Melbourne, 28 January 1898, 265 ( Glynn Patrick ).

Ibid 266–268.

Ibid 269 ( Barton Edmund ).

Williams George , ‘Who'll be the next judge of the High Court as Justices Kenneth Hayne and Susan Crennan retire?’ Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney), 17 November 2014.

Kiefel Susan Saunders Cheryl , ‘The Independence of a Meritorious Elite’ (Speech delivered at the XIX International-Congress of Comparative Law, Vienna, July 2014), 11.

Rubenstein Kim , ‘Rethink Needed as New High Court Justice Appointment Seems to Maintain Gender Imbalance’, Canberra Times, 12 December 2014.

See, eg, Barwick Garfield , A Radical Tory (Federation Press, 1995), 230.

Gotterson Robert , ‘The Appointment of Judges’ (Paper presented at the Judicial Conference of Australia, Surfers Paradise, November 1998), 6–8.

Law Council of Australia, ‘Policy Statement: The process of judicial appointments’ (September 2008).

Kirby Michael , ‘Modes of Appointment and Training of Judges’ (Speech given at the ICH/CJIL and CAJ Seminar, Belfast, 8 June 1999).

Borbidge Robert (Speech to the Queensland Farmers' Federation, Brisbane, 18 February 1997).

Merritt Chris , ‘High Court Appointment Process “a Nonsense”’, The Australian (Sydney), 10 July 2007.

Gotterson , above n 49, 1.

Jacobs PA , ‘The mode of appointing judges’, (1928) 12 ALJ 227, 228.

Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (UK) (c4) ss 63, 64.

NZ Crown Law Office, Judicial Appointments Protocol (2014) 9.

Justice and Electoral Committee, Parliament of NZ, Supreme Court Bill (2003), 31.

Attorney General's Department, Judicial Appointments (April 2010).

Ibid 2.

See Lynch Andrew , ‘Judicial Appointments in Australia – Reform in Retreat’ UK Constitutional Low Blog, 26 May 2014.

Appleby Gabrielle , ‘Appointing Australia's Highest Judges deserves proper scrutiny’, The Conversation, 9 December.

McColl Ruth , ‘Celebrating Women in the Judiciary 2014’ (Address to NSW Women Lawyers', Sydney, 27 February 2014), 8.

Rubenstein , above n 47.