Burqa: Human Right or Human Wrong?

‘ Hanson Pauline backs Lambie's Jacqui calls for burqa ban’, 4 October 2014 <http://www.news.com.au/national/pauline-hanson-backs-jacqui-lambies-calls-for-burqa-ban/story-fncynjr2-1227079952962>.

SBS, ‘The Conversation’, ‘Banning the burqa is not the answer to fears about public safety’, 22 September 2014 ( Barker Renae ) <www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/09/22/banning-burqa-not-answer-fears-about-public-safety>.

ABC News, ‘Prime Minister Tony Abbott reveals he wishes the burka “was not worn” in Australia’, 2 October 2014 ( Griffiths Emma ) <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-01/abbott-says-he-wishes-the-burka-was-not-worn-in-australia/5782008>

This issue also raises questions of constitutional validity. In particular, s 116 of the Constitution, see, eg, Gray Anthony , Religious freedom and Section 116 of the Australian Constitution: Would a banning of the hijab or burqa be constitutionally valid? (2011) 2 Forum on Public Policy 1.

Campo Juan Eduardo , Encyclopaedia of Islam (Infobase Publishing, 2009) 119.

Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census’ (2012–2013) 2071.0 <http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013>.

NewAgelslam, Australian Muslim Woman Thrown from Moving Train in a Racist Attack', 6 October 2014 <http://newageislam.com/Print.aspx?ID=99398>

Gladstone Cary , Afghanistan Revisited (Nova Publishers, 2001) 149.

See, eg, Allen Roger Toorawa Shawkat M , Islam: A Short Guide to the Faith (Wm B Eerdmans Publishing, 2011); Joppke Christian Torpey John , Legal Integration of Islam (Harvard University Press, 2013) 130; Bennett Clinton , Studying Islam (A&C Black, 2010) 100.

Emon Anver M Ellis Mark Glahn Benjamin , Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press, 2012) 54.

Ibid.

Ibid 55.

Ibid.

An-Na'im Abdullahi A , ‘A Review of the International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights’ (1996) 10(1) Interights Bulletin 3.

Ibid.

Ibid.

The Qur'an, Sura An-Nur, Verse 31.

AzarTabari Yeganeh Nahid , In the Shadow of Islam: The Women's Movement in Iran (Zed, 1982) 23.

Mishal AA , ‘Effects of Different Dress Styles on Vitamin D Levels in Healthy Young Jordanian Women’ (2001) 12(11) Osteoporosis International 931–935.

Chesler Phyllis , ‘Ban the Burqa? The Argument in Favor’ (2010) 17(4) Middle East Quarterly 33–45.

Ibid.

Armajani Jon , Dynamic Islam: Liberal Muslim Perspectives in a Transnational Age (University Press of America, 2004) 13.

Rahman Fazlur , Islam (University of Chicago Press, 1966) 39.

Ebadi Shirin , Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope (Random House, 2009) 191.

Ibid.

Aslan Reza , No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam (Random House Digital, 2011) 65.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid 66.

Ahmed Akbar S Donnan Hastings , Islam, Globalization and Postmodernity (Routledge, 1994) 192–3.

Mernissi Fatima , Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society (Indiana University Press, 1987) 19.

SAS v France [GC], no 43835/11, Judgment of 1 July 2014.

Nigra Raffaella , The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine and the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights on the Islamic Veil' (2010) 4 Human Rights Review 531.

Council of Europe, ‘The Margin of Appreciation’ <www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/lisbonnetwork/themis/ECHR/Paper2_en.asp>.

See, eg, Barton Daniel ‘The ECHR's upholding of the French face-veil ban sets a very worrying precedent for the freedom of religious expression’ on Democratic Audit Blog (24 July 2014) <http://eprints.Ise.ac.uk/59128/>.

ECtHR, SAS v France [GC], no 43835/11, Judgment of 1 July 2014 (joint partly dissenting opinion of Judges Nussberger and Jaderblom), para 2.

Ibid.

Cowell Frederick , ‘French burqa ban upheld: A victory for democracy and a setback for human rights’ (4 July 2014) <http://theconversation.com/french-burqa-ban-upheld-a-victory-for-democracy-and-a-setback-for-human-rights-28784>.

‘France: Face-Veil Ruling Undermines Rights’ (3 July 2014) <http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/03/france-face-veil-ruling-undermines-rights>.

‘European Court ruling on full-face veils punishes women for expressing their beliefs’ (1 July 2014) <http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/european-court-ruling-full-face-veils-punishes-women-expressing-their-religion-2014-07-01>.

The ICCPR has been given effect in the ACT and Victoria via the Human Rights Act 2004 and the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006, respectively. On Australia's compliance see, <http://nemedy.org.au/>.

UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (1989).

Brems Eva Giller David , ‘Face veil Bans in the European Court of Human Rights: The Importance of Empirical Findings’ (2014) 22(2) Journal of Law and Policy 517.

Tissot Sylvie , ‘Excluding Muslim Women: From Hijab to Niqab, from School to Public Space’ (2011) 23(1) Public Culture 43.

Joseph Sarah Castan Melissa , International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Material & Commentary (Oxford University Press, 3rd ed, 2013) 567.

Raihon Hudoyberganova v Uzbekistan, Human Rights Committee, Communication No 931/2000, UN Doc CCPR/C/82/D/931/2000 (18 January 2005) [6.2].

Nanwani Shaira , ‘Comment: The Burqa Ban: An Unreasonable Limitation on Religious Freedom or a Justifiable Restriction?’ (2011) 25 Emory International Law Review 1456–57.

UN Doc HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1 (1994).

Paragraph [8].

Pavey Jacqui , ‘The Burqa or the Ban: Which is Worse?’ 14 February 2011, Right Now <http://rightnow.org.au/writing-cat/article/the-burqa-or-the-ban-which-is-worse/>.

Wadud Amina , Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in Islam (Oneworld Publications, 2013)254.