Living a Life of Crime

Trust Kaleidoscope , Speaking Out: The Rights of LGBTI Citizens from Across the Commonwealth (2013) 9. <http://kaleidoscopetrust.com/usr/library/documents/main/speaking-out-lgbti-rights-in-the-cw.pdf>.

Tatchell Peter , ‘The Commonwealth is a Bastion of Homophobia’, The Guardian (online), 17 May 2011 <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/17/commonwealth-homophobia-anti-gay-discrimination>.

Gerber Paula , ‘Should the west be held accountable for gay persecution?’ The Conversation (online), 8 April 2014 <https://theconversation.com/should-the-west-be-held-accountable-for-gay-persecution-24624>.

See, The London Declaration (26 April 1949) <http://www.secretariat.thecommonwealth.org/files/214257/FileName/TheLondonDeclaration1949.pdf>.

http://thecommonwealth.org/our-charter.

Ibid. Preamble to the Charter.

See, eg, The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' General Comment 20 E/C.12/GC/20, 2 July 2009.

Murphy Philip , ‘What is the Point of a Commonwealth Charter?’ (2013) 102(1) Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 93, 93.

Ibid.

Gerber Paula , ‘Countries that still criminalise homosexuality’ <http://antigaylaws.wordpress.com/commonwealth/>. This QR code can be accessed by scanning with a phone or tablet, or a PC with a webcam. For further information, <www.qreateandtrack.com/blog/qr-codes-how-to-read-them>.

Trust Kaleidoscope , above n 1.

Gaskins Joseph Jr , ‘“Buggery” and the Commonwealth Caribbean: A comparative examination of the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago’ in Lennox Corinne Waites Matthew (eds) Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in The Commonwealth: Struggles for Decriminalisation and Change (University of London, 2013) 441.

Ibid 439.

Turnquest Ava , ‘Mitchell: US Could Cut Assistance over Bahamas Stance on LGBT Rights’, Tribune 242 (online), 20 February 2014 <www.tribune242.com/news/2014/feb/20/mitchell-us-could-cut-assistance-over-bahamas-stan/>.

Human Rights Council Resolution A/HRC/17/L.9/Rev.1, 15 June 2011; and McCartney Juan , ‘Bahamas backs gay rights’, The Nassau Guardian (online), 18 June 2011 <www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11069:bahamas-backs-gay-rights&catid=3:news&Itemid=27>.

Article 76 of the Offences Against the Person Act.

Gaskins , above n 12, 429.

Ibid 444.

See, Gera Nish , ‘800 Million Voters in World's Biggest Election: Are Gay Rights on the Ballot?’, Huffington Post (online), 21 April 2014 <www.huffingtonpost.com/nish-gera/800-million-voters-in-india-gay_b_5176179.html>.

See, Pew Research, Global Views on Morality: Homosexuality' <www.pewglobal.org/2014/04/15/global-morality/table/homosexuality/>.

Shah Shanon , ‘The Malaysian dilemma: Negotiating sexual diversity in a Muslim-majority Commonwealth state’ in Lennox Waites , above n 12, 261.

Jenkin Mathew , ‘Lifting of gay ban must come from people says Sri Lankan activist’, 4 July 2012, Gay Star News (online), <www.gaystarnews.com/article/lifting-gay-ban-must-come-people-says-sri-lankan-activist040712>.

Palau Cook Islands are not members of the Commonwealth.

Elnathan John , ‘Legal Opinion: Is Lesbianism a Crime under Nigerian Secular Criminal Law?’ (23 May 2011) <https://www.academia.edu/757724/LEGAL_OPINION_IS_LESBIANISM_A_CRIME_UNDER_NIGERIAN_SECULAR_CRIMINAL_LAW>.

Hon Michael Kirby, ‘Homosexual law reform: An ongoing blind spot of the Commonwealth of Nations’, (Paper presented at 16th Commonwealth Law Conference, Hong Kong, 8 April 2009) 6.

UN News Centre, ‘UN human rights chief denounces “draconian” anti-homosexuality law in Nigeria’, 14 January 2014.

Concluding Observations on Kenya, CCPR/C/KEN/CO/3, 31 August 2012, para 8.

Human Rights Council, Resolution on Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, A/HRC/17/L.9/Rev.1, 15 June 2011.

See, <www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/03/158847.htm>.

Gerber Paula , ‘LGBTI Rights and the UN: Where to from here?’ Human Rights Monitor (March 2014) <www.ishr.ch/news/dr-paula-gerber-lgbti-rights-and-un-where-here#sthash.w12J5n5b.dpuf>.

Cowell Frederick Milon Angelina , ‘Decriminalisation of Sexual Orientation through the Universal Periodic Review’ (2012) 12(2) Human Rights Law Review 341, 352.

Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, A/HRC/19/41, 17 November 2011.

Ibid para 41.

‘Free & Equal’ <https://www.unfe.org/en/about>.

Mahmood Jemilah , ‘The role of civil society in post-2015 development architecture’ (Speech delivered at the Commonwealth People's Forum, Sri Lanka, 11 November 2013) <www.commonwealthfoundation.com/updates/commonwealth-peoples-forum-2013-keynote-lecture>.

Katz Andrew , ‘Cameroon: Murder of LGBT Activist Illustrates Plight of Gay Rights in Africa’, Time World (online), 18 July 2013 <http://world.time.com/2013/07/18/cameroon-murder-of-lgbt-activist-illustrates-plight-of-gay-rights-in-africa/>.

‘Uganda gay rights activist David Kato killed’ BBC News (online), 27 January 2011 <www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12295718>.

A detailed exploration of the role that religion and education might play in combatting homophobia and the persecution of LGBTI people is beyond the scope of this article.