‘Setting Them up to Fail’

Mendes Philip Johnson Guy Moslehuddin Badal , Young People Leaving State Out-of-Home Care: Australian Policy and Practice (Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2011).

Ibid; Osborn Alexandra Bromfield Leah , Outcomes for Children and Young People in Care (National Child Protection Clearinghouse, 2007); Stein Mike , ‘Research Review: Young People Leaving Care’ (2006) 11(3) Child & Family Social Work 273; Courtney Mark Dworsky Amy , Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth: Outcomes at Age 19 (University of Chicago, 2005).

Department of Families, Housing Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Transitioning from Out of Home Care to Independence (2010).

Cashmore Judy , ‘The Link Between Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Offending’ (2011) Family Matters 89, 31.

Murphy Peter , A Strategic Review of the New South Wales Juvenile Justice System (Noetic Solutions, 2010); New South Wales, Report of the Special Commission of Inquiry into Child Protection Services in NSW -Volume 1 (2008).

Victoria , The Youth Parole Board and Youth Residential Board Annual Report 2010-11 (2011); Victoria, The Youth Parole Board and Youth Residential Board Annual Report 2011-12 (2012).

Cusick Gretchen R Courtney Mark E , Offending during Late Adolescence: How do Youth Aging Out of Care Compare with Their Peers? (Chapin Hall Centre for Children, 2007); Darker Iain Ward Harriet Caulfield Laura , An Analysis of Offending by Young People Looked After by Local Authorities' (2008) 8(2) Youth Justice 134; Packard Thomas , A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Transitional Services for Emancipating Youth' (2008) Children and Youth Services Review 30, 1267.

Culhane Dennis P , Young Adult Outcomes of Youth Exiting Dependent or Delinquent Care in Los Angeles County (Conrad N Hilton Foundation, 2011); Kalb Guyonne Williams Jenny , The Relationship Between Juvenile and Adult Crime (Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, 2002).

Hirschi Travis Gottfredson Michael , ‘Age and the Explanation of Crime’ (1983) 89(3) American Journal of Sociology 552.

Jonson-Reid Melissa Barth Richard P , ‘From Placement to Prison: The Path to Adolescent Incarceration from Child Welfare Supervised Foster or Group Care’ (2000) 22(7) Children and Youth Services Review 493; Ryan Joseph P Testa Mark F , ‘Child Maltreatment and Juvenile Delinquency: Investigating the Role of Placement and Placement Instability’ (2005) 27(3) Children and Youth Services Review 227; Stewart Anna Dennison Susan Waterson Elissa , ‘Pathways from Child Maltreatment to Juvenile Offending’ (2002) Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 241, 1.

Stewart Dennison Waterson , above n 10.

Ibid.

Ryan Testa , above n 10.

Stewart Dennison Waterson , above n 10, 5.

See, eg, Cusick Courtney , above n 7; Darker , above n 7; Ryan Testa , above n 10; Stewart , above n 10.

Farrington David P , ‘Age and Crime’ in Tonry Michael Morris Norval (eds), Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research (University of Chicago Press, 1986) 189; Cusick , above n 7.

Jonson-Reid Barth , above n 10; Ryan Testa , above n 10; Stewart Dennison Waterson , above n 10; Smith Carolyn A Ireland Timothy O Thornberry Terence P , ‘Adolescent Maltreatment and its Impact on Young Adult Antisocial Behavior’ (2005) 29(10) Child Abuse and Neglect 1099.

Ryan Joseph P , ‘Juvenile Delinquency in Child Welfare: Investigating Group Home Effects’ (2008) 30 Children and Youth Services Review 1088; Stewart, Dennison and Waterson, above n 10.

Cusick Gretchen , Crime During Transition to Adulthood: How Youth Fare as They Leave Out-of-Home Care (National Institute of Justice, 2010); Taylor Clare , Young People in Care and Criminal Behaviour (Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006); Ryan Testa , above n 10.

Taylor , above n 19; Ryan , above n 18; Schofield Gillian , Looked after Children and Offending: Reducing Risk and Promoting Resilience (University of East Anglia, 2012).

Ryan , above n 18.

Herz Denise C Krinsky Miriam Ryan Joseph P , Improving System Responses to Cross-Over Youth: The Role of Research and Practice Partnerships' (2006) 5(1) The Link 1; McFarlane Katherine , ‘From Care to Custody: Young Women in Out-of-Home Care in the Criminal Justice System’ (2010) 22(2) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 345.

Krinsky Miriam , ‘Disrupting the Pathway from Foster Care to the Justice System - A Former Prosecutor's Perspectives on Reform’ (2010) 48(2) Family Court Review 322; Taylor , above n 19; Schofield , above n 20.

Cashmore , above n 4; Taylor , above n 19.

See, eg, Kerig Patricia K Becker Stephen P , ‘From Internalizing to Externalizing: Theoretical Models of the Processes Linking PTSD to Juvenile Delinquency’ in Egan Sylvia J , (ed), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment (Noval Science Publishers, 2010), 1.

Child Safety Commissioner, From Isolation to Connection: A Guide to Understanding and Working with Traumatised Children and Young People (State Government of Victoria, 2009).

Steele William Malchiodi Cathy , Trauma-Informed Practices with Children and Adolescents (Routledge, 2012) 16.

Gonzalez Rudy Cameron Carly Klendo Luci , ‘The Therapeutic Family Model of Care: An Attachment and Trauma Informed Approach to Transitional Planning’ (2012) 32 Developing Practice: The Child, Youth and Family Work Journal 13.

Mendes , above n 1; Stein , above n 2.

Gonzalez Cameron Klendo , above n 28, 21.

Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Supporting Young People Transitioning from Out-of-Home Care to Independence in Australia: Good Practice in 2011/12 (2012).

Peters Clark M , Extending Foster Care to Age 21: Weighing the Costs to Government Against Benefits to Youth (Chapin Hall Centre for Children, 2009).

Munro Emily , Evaluation of the Staying Put: 18 Plus Family Placement Programme: Final report (Centre for Child and Family Research, Loughborough University, 2012).