The meanings of ‘Aboriginality’ are highly contested. See, eg, ArdillAllan, ‘Non-Indigenous Lawyers Writing about Indigenous People’ (2012) 37(2) Alternative Law Journal107.
[2013] HCA 27 at [36] and [41]. The orthodoxy regarding the value of individualised justice in relation to equal justice was articulated in Hili v The Queen; Jones v The Queen [2010] HCA 45 at [77]–[78]. (‘Sentences must be reasonably consistent. But it does not follow that disparities between them may not exist. Within the boundaries of reason … where marked disparity renders sentences vulnerable on appeal, it cannot be said that any particular disparate sentence is necessarily wrong merely because it is disparate. … [I]n exercising its discretionary judgment, the primary duty of a sentencing court is to be true to its own perception of what degree of severity or leniency is appropriate.’)
6.
CunneenChris, ‘Time to arrest rising Aboriginal prison rates’ (2013) Insight 8: Crime and Justice (VCOSS)22, 22.
7.
House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Parliament of Australia, Doing Time – Time for Doing: Indigenous youth in the criminal justice system (2011) 2.
See KrasnosteinSarahFreibergArie, ‘Manifest Error: Grounds for Review?’ (2012) 36(1) Australian Bar Review54.
13.
[2013] HCA 27 at [42].
14.
[2013] HCA 27 at [28].
15.
See von HirschAndrewAshworthAndrew, Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles (Oxford University Press, 2005) 1–10.
16.
[1982] HCA 55 at [18].
17.
See R v Ipeelee [2012] 1 SCR 433 (Supreme Court of Canada).
18.
Bugmy v The Queen [2013] HCATrans 167 (6 August 2013) (Ms D Yehia, SC).
19.
R v Gladue [1999] 1 SCR 688 and R v Ipeelee [2012] 1 SCR 433
20.
[2013] HCA 27 at [36].
21.
[2013] HCA 27 at [36].
22.
[2013] HCA 27 at [37].
23.
[2013] HCA 27 at [41].
24.
[2013] HCA 27 at [39]; Neal v R [1982] HCA 55 at [13].
25.
[2013] HCA 27 at [43].
26.
[2013] HCA 27 at [42].
27.
[2013] HCA 27 at [44].
28.
[2013] HCA 27 at [41].
29.
R v Gladue [1999] 1 SCR 688 at [66].
30.
R v Gladue [1999] 1 SCR 688 at [93], see also [48]. See also AnthonyThalia, ‘Indigenising Sentencing? Bugmy v The Queen’ (2013) Sydney Law Review451, 466.
31.
R v Gladue [1999] 1 SCR 688 at [33].
32.
DPP v Arney [2007] VSCA 126 at [14]; Russell v The Queen [2011] VSCA 147 at [57]; Kane v R [2010] VSCA 213 at [25]; R v Bangard [2005] VSCA 313 at [11]. See KrasnosteinSarahFreibergArie, ‘Pursuing Consistency in an Individualistic Sentencing Framework: If You Know Where You're Going, How Do You Know When You've Got There?’ (2013) 76Law and Contemporary Problems265.
33.
See, eg, Lowndes v The Queen [1999] HCA 29 at [15]; Markarian v The Queen [2005] HCA 25 at [27]; Wong [2001] HCA 64 at [6]; R v MacNeil-Brown; R v Piggott [2008] VSCA 190 at [10]; Whyte [2002] NSWCCA at [147]; Russell v The Queen [2011] VSCA 147 at [57]–[58].
34.
[2013] HCA 27 at [24].
35.
[2013] HCA 27 at [41].
36.
R v Gladue [1999] 1 SCR 688 at [33]; R v Ipeelee [2012] 1 SCR 433 at [83].
37.
My thanks to one of my anonymous reviewers for making this point.
38.
Leeth [1992] HCA 29 at [8] per Deane and Toohey JJ.
39.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, ‘Imprisonment Rates’, 45170 – Prisoners in Australia, 2012.
