TaylorNatalie, Juror Attitudes and Biases in Sexual Assault Cases: Trends & Issues No 344 (AIC, 2007) 3; KennedyJessicaEastealPatricia & TaylorCaroline, ‘Rape Mythology and the Criminal Justice System: A pilot study of sexual assault sentencing in Victoria’ (2009) 23ACSSA Aware13, 14.
2.
Director of Public Prosecutions/Australian Federal Police, ‘Responding to Sexual Assault: The challenge of change’ (DPP, 2005) 180. The authors' ‘gendered’ language reflects our focus on the male perpetrator/female victim paradigm.
3.
Taylor, above n 1.
4.
FinchEmily & MunroVanessa E., ‘The Demon Drink And The Demonized Woman: Socio-Sexual Stereotypes And Responsibility Attribution Intoxicants’ (2007) 16(4) Social & Legal Studies591, 593.
5.
AbbeyAntonia, ‘Acquaintance Rape and Alcohol Consumption on College Campuses’ (1991) 39American Journal of College Health165, 166; BerkowitzAlan, ‘College Men as Perpetrators of Acquaintance Rape and Sexual Assault (1992) 40Journal of American College Health175, 181.
6.
MeyerAnneke, ‘Too Drunk To Say No’ (2010) 10(1) Feminist Media Studies19, 30.
7.
NSW, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 7 November 2007, 3584 (The Hon. John Hatzistergos).
8.
Ibid.
9.
MaguireEmily, ‘It Takes Two’, Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney) 20 November 2010.
10.
HeathLindaGordonMargaret T. and LeBaillyRobert, ‘What Newspapers Tell Us (And Don't Tell Us) About Rape’ (1981) 2(4) Newspaper Research Journal48, 49.
11.
GerbnerGeorge, ‘The “Mainstreaming” of America – Violence’ (1980) 30(3) Journal of Communication10.
FieldsBarry, ‘School Discipline Coverage in Australian Newspapers: Impact on Public Perceptions, Educational Decisions and Policy’ (2006) Australian Association for Research in Education1, 3.
14.
FraniukRenae, ‘Prevalence and Effects of Rape Myths in Print Journalism: The Kobe Bryant Case’ (2008) 14Violence Against Women287, 291.
15.
EntmanRobert M., ‘Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm’ (1993) 43(4) Journal of Communication54.
16.
GreerChris, ‘News Media and Victims of Crime’ in DavisPamelaFrancisPeterGreerChris (eds) Victims, Crime and Society (Sage Publications, 2007) 20, 49.
17.
JewkesYvonne, Media and Crime (Sage Publications, 2004) viii.
18.
BenedictHelen, Virgin or Vamp (Oxford University Press, 1992).
19.
Ibid.
20.
Readership figures: Sydney Morning Herald 731,000 (Monday–Friday), 991,000 (Saturday); Sun-Herald 1,062,000 (Sunday); Daily Telegraph 921,000 (Monday–Friday), 825,000 (Saturday); Sunday Telegraph 1,443,000. Roy Morgan Readership estimates for Australia, 12 months to September 2011 <http://www.roymorgan.com/news/press-releases/2011/1464/>.
21.
[1976] AC182; see, generally, Banditt v R (2005) 224 CLR 262 (GummowHayne and HeydonJJ).
22.
Banditt v R (2005) 224 CLR 262, 269–270, 276 (GummowHayne and HeydonJJ) accepting the Crown's submission and approving the trial judge's directions to the jury.
23.
The unreasonableness of an asserted belief in the circumstances may be the clearest indication of the actual state of mind of the accused: Banditt v R (2005) 224 CLR 262, 276 (GummowHayne and HeydonJJ).
24.
Banditt v R (2005) 224 CLR 262, 276 (GummowHayne and HeydonJJ).
25.
McSherryBernadette, ‘Constructing Lack of Consent’ in EastealPatricia (ed), Balancing the Scales: Rape, Law Reform & Australian Culture (Federation Press, 1998) 26, 39.
26.
GeorgeWilliam H., ‘Self-Reported Alcohol Expectancies and Postdrinking Sexual Inferences about Women’ (1995) 25 (2) Journal Applied Social Psychology164.
27.
Finch and Munro, above n 4.
28.
Ibid; see also, R v Wozniak (1977) 16 SASR 67 (BrayCJ) for an early application of DPP v Morgan [1976] AC182 and at 73 as to the point that it is the belief in consent ‘[n]o matter how it is arrived at’ that is determinative.
29.
NSW, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Council, 7 November 2007, 3584 (The Hon. John Hatzistergos).
30.
Crimes Amendment (Consent-Sexual Assault Offences) Act 2007 (NSW) s 61HA(6).
31.
Crimes Amendment (Consent-Sexual Assault Offences) Act2007 (NSW) s 61HA(3)(e).
32.
Crimes Amendment (Consent-Sexual Assault Offences) Act 2007 (NSW) s 61(HA)(3)(d).
33.
Criminal Code (Qld) ss 24, 348; Criminal Code (WA) ss 24, 319(2); Criminal Code (Tas) ss 2A, 14; cf Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA) ss 47, 48; Criminal Code (NT) s 192(3); Crimes Act 1900 (ACT) s 54, Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) s 38 where an honest belief in consent still negates guilt. But note s 37AA Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) requires an explicit direction to the jury to consider the reasonableness of a belief in the determination of whether it was in fact held.
34.
Crimes Amendment (Consent-Sexual Assault Offences) Act 2007 (NSW) s 61(HA).
35.
RemickLani A, ‘Read Her Lips: An Argument for a Verbal Consent Standard in Rape’ (1993) 141University of Pennsylvania Law Review1103, 1151.
36.
TemkinJennifer & AshworthAndrew‘The Sexual Offences Act 2003: (1) Rape, Sexual Assaults and the Problems of Consent’, (2004) (May) Criminal Law Review328, 342.
37.
Crimes Amendment (Consent-Sexual Assault Offences) Act 2007 (NSW) s 61HA (3)(d). In the past, evidence the male perpetrator was intoxicated while the alleged sexual assault occurred was ‘regarded as a mitigating circumstance warranting at least some clemency in judging his behaviour’: StormoKarla JLangAlan R and StrizkeWerner G K, ‘Attributions about Acquaintance Rape (1997) 27(4) Journal of Applied Social Psychology279, 303.
