Australian Muslims and Citizenship

Rubenstein Kim , ‘Loyalty and Membership: Globalization and Its Impact on Citizenship, Multiculturalism, and the Australian Community’ in Levey Geoffrey Brahm (ed), Political Theory and Australian Multiculturalism (Bergahn, 2008) 171, 173.

Laski Harold J , The Foundations of Sovereignty and Other Essays (1921) 2.

Brand Ronald A , ‘Sovereignty: The State, the Individual, and the International Legal System in the Twenty First Century’ (2002) 25 Hastings International & Comparative Law Review 279, 281.

See Khadduri Majid (trans with intro, notes and appendices), The Islamic Law of Nations, Shaybani's Siyar (Johns Hopkins Press, 1966).

Khadduri Majid , War and Peace in the Law of Islam (Johns Hopkins Press, 1955) 45.

Hart Herbert LA , The Concept of Law (Clarendon Press, 1961) 216; See also the 1933 Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, Art 1.

O'Connell Daniel P , International Law (Stevens and Sons, 2nd ed, 1970), vol 2, 670.

Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v Guatemala) ICJ Rep (1995) 4, 23.

On the historical background of citizenship see Heater Derek , Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and Education (Manchester University Press, 2004); and Dynneson Thomas L , Civism, Cultivating Citizenship in European History (Peter Lang, 2001).

In the view of Professor Nasr: ‘[R]eligion to a Muslim is essentially the Divine Law’: Nasr Seyyed Hossein , Ideals and Realities of Islam (A&U, 2nd ed, 1975) 95.

See, eg, Sachedina Abdulaziz , ‘Guidance or Governance? A Muslim Conception of “Two-Cities”’ (2000) 68 (5/6) George Washington Law Review 1079, 1079, and Nasr Seyyed Hossein , Ideals and Realities of Islam (1966) 95.

Al-Amidi Seif al-din Abi al_Hassan Ali ibn Abi Ali ibn Mohammad , Al-akhan Fi Usul al-ahkam [The Principles of Islamic Rules], vol 1 (2005) 85.

Esmaeili Hossein , ‘The Nature and Development of Law in Islam and the Rule of Law Challenge in the Middle East and the Muslim World’ (2011) 26(2) Connecticut Journal of International Law 329, 342.

For a sound discussion of different categories of Islam, see generally the writings of contemporary Muslim scholars, such as El Fadl Khaled Abou , The Great Theft, Wrestling Islam from Extremists (Harper, 2005); An-Na'im Abdullahi Ahmed , Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a (Harvard University Press, 2008).

The term ‘sharia’ in Islamic literature is used in several different ways: In one sense, sharia is used against ‘tariqa’, the mystical aspect of Islam and the practice of religious rituals. Sharia also refers to religious knowledge. It may also be used in a general sense to refer to Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) including all Islamic rules, rituals and law. In Western literature, it specifically refers to the legal system of Islam. For an analysis of these words, see Saeed Abdullah , Islamic Thought: An Introduction (Routledge, 2006) 43–5 and Ch 6.

Kadduri , above n 5, 177.

An-Na'im , above n 14, 129.

Khadduri , above n 5, 53.

See, eg, Qutb Sayyid , Ma'alim fi al-Tariq [Milestones] (Kazi Pubns, 1964), English trans, Qutb Sayyid , Milestones (Kazi, 2007); and Maudoodi Abul Ala , Towards Understanding Islam (American Trust Pubns, 1977).

An-Na'im , above n 14, 134

Ibid.

Galligan Brian & Roberts Winsome , ‘Multiculturalism, National Identity, and Pluralist Democracy: The Australian Variant’ in Levey , above n 1, 216.

Stone John , ‘The Muslim Problem and What to Do about It’ (2006) 9 Quadrant 11; Stenhouse Paul , ‘Islam's Trojan Horse?’ (2007) 12 Quadrant; for a more international discussion of citizenship and multiculturalism see Bloemraad Irene Korteweg Anna and Yurdakul Gökçe , ‘Citizenship and Immigration: Multiculturalism, Assimilation, and Challenges to the Nation-State’ (2008) 34 Annual Review of Sociology 153.

Stone , above n 23, 30

An-Naim Abdullahi Ahmed , Islam and the Secular State, Negotiating the Future of Sharia (Harvard University Press, 2008) 120.

See, eg, The Quran 4:143; 8:72; 9:28.

Translation: Ali Abdulla Yusuf , The Meaning of the Holy Quran (Amana Pubn, 11th ed, 2006). I have inserted the word ‘authority’ in translation of the Arabic word ‘Sabilaa’ which is translated by Yusuf Ali as ‘a way (to triumphs)’.

For example, the majority of Afghan refugees fled the Taliban rules (1996–2001) or insurgency (2004–present).

See Al-Sabiq Al-Sayyed , Fiqh al-Sunnah [Sunni Jurisprudence], vol 2, 73.

Under Australian law marriage is a union between two equal persons and no party has authority over the other party. On Australian family law see, Parkinson Patrick , Australian Family Law in Context: Commentary and Materials (Thomson Reuters, 4th ed, 2009).

The result was published in 2008. See Esposito John & Mogahed Dalia , Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think (Gallup Press, 2008) 97.

Esposito John , Islam the Straight Path (OUP, 1991) xvi.