RubensteinKim, ‘Loyalty and Membership: Globalization and Its Impact on Citizenship, Multiculturalism, and the Australian Community’ in LeveyGeoffrey Brahm (ed), Political Theory and Australian Multiculturalism (Bergahn, 2008) 171, 173.
2.
LaskiHarold J, The Foundations of Sovereignty and Other Essays (1921) 2.
3.
BrandRonald A, ‘Sovereignty: The State, the Individual, and the International Legal System in the Twenty First Century’ (2002) 25Hastings International & Comparative Law Review279, 281.
4.
See KhadduriMajid (trans with intro, notes and appendices), The Islamic Law of Nations, Shaybani's Siyar (Johns Hopkins Press, 1966).
5.
KhadduriMajid, War and Peace in the Law of Islam (Johns Hopkins Press, 1955) 45.
6.
HartHerbert LA, The Concept of Law (Clarendon Press, 1961) 216; See also the 1933 Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States, Art 1.
7.
O'ConnellDaniel P, International Law (Stevens and Sons, 2nd ed, 1970), vol 2, 670.
8.
Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v Guatemala) ICJ Rep (1995) 4, 23.
9.
On the historical background of citizenship see HeaterDerek, Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and Education (Manchester University Press, 2004); and DynnesonThomas L, Civism, Cultivating Citizenship in European History (Peter Lang, 2001).
10.
In the view of Professor Nasr: ‘[R]eligion to a Muslim is essentially the Divine Law’: NasrSeyyed Hossein, Ideals and Realities of Islam (A&U, 2nd ed, 1975) 95.
11.
See, eg, SachedinaAbdulaziz, ‘Guidance or Governance? A Muslim Conception of “Two-Cities”’ (2000) 68 (5/6) George Washington Law Review1079, 1079, and NasrSeyyed Hossein, Ideals and Realities of Islam (1966) 95.
12.
Al-AmidiSeif al-din Abi al_Hassan Ali ibn Abi Ali ibn Mohammad, Al-akhan Fi Usul al-ahkam [The Principles of Islamic Rules], vol 1 (2005) 85.
13.
EsmaeiliHossein, ‘The Nature and Development of Law in Islam and the Rule of Law Challenge in the Middle East and the Muslim World’ (2011) 26(2) Connecticut Journal of International Law329, 342.
14.
For a sound discussion of different categories of Islam, see generally the writings of contemporary Muslim scholars, such as El FadlKhaled Abou, The Great Theft, Wrestling Islam from Extremists (Harper, 2005); An-Na'imAbdullahi Ahmed, Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a (Harvard University Press, 2008).
15.
The term ‘sharia’ in Islamic literature is used in several different ways: In one sense, sharia is used against ‘tariqa’, the mystical aspect of Islam and the practice of religious rituals. Sharia also refers to religious knowledge. It may also be used in a general sense to refer to Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) including all Islamic rules, rituals and law. In Western literature, it specifically refers to the legal system of Islam. For an analysis of these words, see SaeedAbdullah, Islamic Thought: An Introduction (Routledge, 2006) 43–5 and Ch 6.
16.
Kadduri, above n 5, 177.
17.
An-Na'im, above n 14, 129.
18.
Khadduri, above n 5, 53.
19.
See, eg, QutbSayyid, Ma'alim fi al-Tariq [Milestones] (Kazi Pubns, 1964), English trans, QutbSayyid, Milestones (Kazi, 2007); and MaudoodiAbul Ala, Towards Understanding Islam (American Trust Pubns, 1977).
20.
An-Na'im, above n 14, 134
21.
Ibid.
22.
GalliganBrian & RobertsWinsome, ‘Multiculturalism, National Identity, and Pluralist Democracy: The Australian Variant’ in Levey, above n 1, 216.
23.
StoneJohn, ‘The Muslim Problem and What to Do about It’ (2006) 9Quadrant11; StenhousePaul, ‘Islam's Trojan Horse?’ (2007) 12Quadrant; for a more international discussion of citizenship and multiculturalism see BloemraadIreneKortewegAnna and YurdakulGökçe, ‘Citizenship and Immigration: Multiculturalism, Assimilation, and Challenges to the Nation-State’ (2008) 34Annual Review of Sociology153.
24.
Stone, above n 23, 30
25.
An-NaimAbdullahi Ahmed, Islam and the Secular State, Negotiating the Future of Sharia (Harvard University Press, 2008) 120.
26.
See, eg, The Quran4:143; 8:72; 9:28.
27.
Translation: AliAbdulla Yusuf, The Meaning of the Holy Quran (Amana Pubn, 11th ed, 2006). I have inserted the word ‘authority’ in translation of the Arabic word ‘Sabilaa’ which is translated by Yusuf Ali as ‘a way (to triumphs)’.
28.
For example, the majority of Afghan refugees fled the Taliban rules (1996–2001) or insurgency (2004–present).
29.
See Al-SabiqAl-Sayyed, Fiqh al-Sunnah [Sunni Jurisprudence], vol 2, 73.
30.
Under Australian law marriage is a union between two equal persons and no party has authority over the other party. On Australian family law see, ParkinsonPatrick, Australian Family Law in Context: Commentary and Materials (Thomson Reuters, 4th ed, 2009).
31.
The result was published in 2008. See EspositoJohn & MogahedDalia, Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think (Gallup Press, 2008) 97.
32.
EspositoJohn, Islam the Straight Path (OUP, 1991) xvi.
