When Justice Harms

Juvenile Courts Act 1991 (PNG), Section 2.

See Human Rights Watch (‘HRW’), Making Their Own Rules – Police Beatings, Rape, and Torture of Children in Papua New Guinea (2005); HRW, Still Making Their Own Rules – Ongoing Impunity for Police Beatings, Rape, and Torture in Papua New Guinea (2006).

UNICEF, At a glance Papua New Guinea Statistics <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/papuang_statistics.html> at 3 March 2011.

UNICEF, PNG Children in Conflict with the Law: An Assessment of the Juvenile Justice System (2001) 5.

Ibid.

Ibid.

‘Another cold, lonely Christmas’, Post Courier (PNG), 5 January 2011 <www.postcourier.com.pg/20110105/feature.htm> at 11 August 2011.

Interview with two juvenile detainees (Kavieng CIS, 14 December 2010). Court records held at Kavieng District Court on inspection supported their allegations.

Dinnen Sinclair , ‘Building bridges: Law and Justice Reform in PNG’ (2001) 11 State, Society and Governance in Melanesia 01/3 Working Paper <http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/ssgm/publications/working_papers/wplist.php?searchterm=2001> at 11 August 2011.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Walton Grant , Rural Peoples' Perceptions of Corruption in Papua New Guinea (2009) 8 <http://www.transparencypng.org.pg/CPS%20folder/CPS%20Final%20Qualitative%20Report%20to%20AusAID.pdf> at 11 August 2011.

Kidu Carol , ‘Reflections on change, ethnicity and conflict: Family and ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea’(2000) 53 Development Bulletin 38.

Dinnen , above n 9, 2.

Ibid 3.

Storey Donovan , ‘Urban Governance in Pacific Island Countries: Advancing an Overdue Agenda’ (2005) 4 State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper <http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/ssgm/publications/discussion_papers/dplist.php?searchterm=2005> at 11 August 2011.

85% of PNG's population live in rural and remote areas: AusAID, Transport in PNG, 3 June 2010, <http://www.ausaid.gov.au/country/png/transport.cfm> at 19 April 2011.

White Geoffrey , ‘Indigenous Governance in Melanesia’ (2007) 4 State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper <http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/ssgm/publications/discussion_papers/dplist.php?searchterm=2007> at 11 August 2011.

National Juvenile Justice Working Committee/UNICEF, Baseline data and national trends in the use of detention and diversion for children who come into conflict with the law (2008) 3.

Ibid.

Nowak Manfred , UN Special Rapporteur on Torture presents preliminary findings on his Mission to PNG, 26 May 2010 <www.un.org.au/UN-Special-Rapporteur-on-Torture-presents-preliminary-findings-on-his-Mission-to-PNG-news197.aspx> at 18 February 2011.

HRW, above n 2 (2005) 84.

Dinnen , above n 9, 7.

HRW, above n 2 (2006), 31.

See ‘SSD policemen deny allegations’, Post Courier (PNG), 14 January 2010 <www.postcourier.com.pg/20110117/news03.htm> at 14 February 2011.

Nowak , above n 21.

Constitution of PNG vests Papua New Guinean citizens with the right to freedom (s 32), protection from inhuman treatment (s 36), the right to liberty (s 42) and freedom from arbitrary search and entry (s 44).

PNG Institute of National Affairs, Report of the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary Administrative Review Committee to the Minister for Internal Security Hon. Bire Kimisopa (2004) 44 <http://www.inapng.com/Police%20Review%20Report%20final.pdf> at 19 August 2011.

PNG Law and Justice Sector, ‘Police tops list for finance payouts’ (Media release, undated) <http://www.lawandjustice.gov.pg/www/default.asp?guiValue=1433288B-DB8C-43EB-8768-EBB12C81E768> at 11 August 2011.

Nowak , above n 21.

Dinnen , above n 9, 6–7, 12–16.

‘115 escape in a month’, Post Courier (PNG), 20 January 2010. <http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20100120/news06.htm> at 14 February 2011.

Dinnen , above n 9, 14–15.

Ibid.

Magisterial Services, Draft Visiting Magistrate's Protocol (2009) 3.

NJJWC, above n 19, 3.

Ibid.

More visits may have been conducted but if so this was not communicated to the NJJWC or the Director of CBC as is mandated by the Draft Visiting Magistrate's Protocol (2009). I attempted to make contact with Magisterial Services but was unsuccessful.

Draft Visiting Magistrate's Protocol (2009), 20.

Ibid 43.

NCD Juvenile Court Checklist, completed in September 2008.

HRW, above n 2 (2006), 44.

Interview with Patrick Niebo, Team Leader Anti-Discrimination & Human Rights Unit PNG Ombudsman (Telephone interview, 7 March 2011).

HRW, above n 2 (2006), 40.

For instance see: UN, Research on the Implementation by Armenian courts of the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (2008) <http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session8/AM/UNCTA_UPR_ARM_S08_2010_UNCountryTeamArmenia_Document6.pdf> at 11 August 2011; Branigan Tania , ‘Chinese police chief's widow alleges torture after he dies in custody’ The Guardian (UK), 14 January 2011 <www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/14/china-police-chief-dies-custody> at 11 August 2011.

Interview with juvenile detainees (Kavieng CIS, 9 February 2011).

Interview with Juvenile Justice Coordinator, CBC (Telephone interview, 19 May 2011).

Dept of Justice and Attorney General, National Juvenile Justice Policy (2006) 13.

Juvenile Courts Act 1991 (PNG) s 12.

HRW, above n 2 (2006), 44.

Plummer Steven , volunteer based with Magisterial Services in Goroka , Final Report, 2008 [unpublished].

HRW, above n 2 (2006), 37.

See Dept of Justice and Attorney General, above n 48.

Dinnen , above n 9, 13.

Village Court Act 1989 (PNG), s 57.

Dinnen , above n 9, 9.

Village Court Act 1989 (PNG), ss 69–70.

Justice Advisory Group, Law and Justice Sector, Village Court System of Papua New Guinea (2004) 14.

Dinnen , above n 9, 9.

Ibid 4.

Justice Advisory Group, above n 58, 14.

Dinnen , above n 9, 9.

Dept of Justice and Attorney General, above n 48, 30.

Fraser Ian , ‘Forgiveness is Melanesian for Individualism and other bad translations’ (2008) 14 Revue Juridique Polynesienne 43, 46.

Banham Cynthia , ‘Somare Attacks the System that Spends PNG Aid’, Sydney Morning Herald (Sydney), 19 October 2005.

Dinnen Sinclair , above n 9, 13.