Transport Operations (Road Use Management Driver Licensing) Regulations 1998 (Qld) regs 14AC, AD.
3.
Vehicle and Traffic (Driver Licensing and Vehicle Registration) Regulations 2000 (Tas) reg 11: 50 hours; Motor Vehicles Regulations 1996 (SA) reg 25B; WA Department of Transport‘Practical Assessment’ <transport.wa.gov.au/licensing/learnerdrivers/1472.asp> at 12 May 2010.
4.
TonkinStephanie, ‘Driver licensing: Where are the Keys to a Future?’ (Paper presented at ‘Children and the Law’ Conference, Monash University, Prato Italy, September 2009)
5.
Australian research has shown that, even prior to the introduction of mandatory hours requirements, young people charged with driving unlicensed were significantly more likely to have a lower educational level, and much lower income level, than the group overall: Barry Watson, The Road Safety Implications of Unlicensed Driving: A Survey of Unlicensed Drivers (2003).
6.
Law Reform Commission of WA specifically recommended the introduction of geographically limited licences for people disqualified from driving but obliged to drive as the only means of transport in the community: Aboriginal Customary Laws: Final Report (2006) 96.
7.
HelpsYvonne, Aboriginal people travelling well: Issues of safety, transport and health (2008). See also CurrieGrahamSenbergsZed, ‘Indigenous Communities: Transport disadvantage and Aboriginal communities’ in CurrieGrahamStanleyJanetStanleyJohn (eds), No Way to Go (2007).
8.
Helps, above n 7, vii, 62. The over-representation of Indigenous people in licence-related offending (but not general driving offences) had been raised in 1991 by the Royal Commission into Death in Custody and subsequently: see discussion in Sentencing Advisory Council, Driving While Disqualified or Suspended (2009) 39.
9.
Roads & Traffic Authority of NSW, An Investigation of Aboriginal Driver Licencing Issues (2008) 20, 21.
10.
Ibid45–46.
11.
FraserKatie, Out of Africa and into Court: The Legal Problems of African Refugees (2009), 7.
12.
Ibid20.
13.
Transport Operations (Road Use Management) Act 1995 (Qld) s 78
14.
Transport (Driver Licensing) Act 1998 (NSW) s 25.
15.
Road Safety Act 1986 (Vic) ss 18, 20, 30; the harshness of the last provision was the subject of a recent report by the Sentencing Advisory Council, above n 8.
16.
Senate Select Committee on Regional and Remote Indigenous CommunitiesThird Report (2009) para 4.24
17.
Staysafe Committee, Parliament of NSW, Report on young driver safety and education programs (2008), 7; this report includes similar national and international data.
SenserrickTeresaHaworthNarelle, Review of Literature regarding National and International Young Driver Training, Licensing and Regulatory Systems (2005) 1.
20.
Staysafe Committee, above n 17, 8.
21.
SenserrickHaworth, above n 19, xi. Other factors associated with crash and injury reductions included increased duration of the learner period (to promote more supervised driving experience), and restrictions on night-time driving, peer passengers and blood alcohol limits.
22.
Ibid1.
23.
Ibid32. Reforms did not involve mandating a minimum driving period, and results are analysed differently by different commentators. MurrayAsa, ‘Decreasing number of young licence holders and reduced number of accidents: A description of trends in Sweden’ (2003) 35Accident Analysis & Prevention, 841, 849 cites the reform as finding ‘that about 50% of the suitable age cohort took advantage of this opportunity and that they had a reduction of accident risk (accidents per 10 million kilometre) of approximately 15% over a period of 2 years after acquiring the licence.’
TriggsThomas JSmithKB, Young Driver Research Program: Digest of Reports and Principal Findings of the ResearchCth Federal Office of Road Safety (1996) 16.
Senserrick and Haworth, above n 19, xiii. This was reportedly in part due to the risk of overconfidence on the part of the learner driver after formal tuition but without sufficient on-road experience.
41.
Senate Report 2009, above n 16, paras 4.23–4.25.
42.
Law Reform Commission of WA, above n 6, 95. An extraordinary driver's licence can be granted under s 76 Road Traffic Act 1976 (WA), allowing the person to drive subject to specific conditions imposed by the court such as purpose, hours permitted and where they are allowed to drive.
Youthsafe, above n 46. The Report did not include the Queensland ‘Keys to the Future’ initiative and appears not to have carried out an exhaustive Australian study.
