Prejudice and Paedophilia in Hate Crime Laws: Dunn v R

Public Order Act 1986 (UK) ss 17–23 and 29A-29N.

Criminal Code Amendment (Racial Vilification) Act 2004 (WA) ss 78–80D.

Criminal Code Act Compilation Act 1913 (WA), Schedule ss 313, 317, 317A, 338B, 444.

Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW) s 21A(2)(h).

Sentencing Act 2002 (NT) s9(1)(h).

Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW) s 21A(2)(h).

Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 (NSW) s 21A(5).

Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) ss 20D, 38T, 49ZTA, 49ZXC; Racial Vilification Act 1996 (SA) s 4; Discrimination Act 1991 (ACT) s 67; Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s 131A; Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001 (Vic) ss 24, 25.

Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) s 20D.

Western Australia Assembly Hansard, Criminal Law and Evidence Amendment Bill 2006, Hansard, Second Reading Speech, Johnson RF (28 September 2006) p 6939 where Police v A Child (unreported, Magistrate Auty, 14 September 2006).

R v MAH [2005] NSWSC 871; R v Amir Ibrahim El Mostafa [2007] NSWDC 219; R v Aslett [2006] NSWCCA 49. For further discussion see Mason Gail , ‘Hate Crime Laws in Australia: Are they achieving their goals?’ (2009) 33 CrimLJ 1.

Dunn v R [2007] NSWCCA 312.

Ibid [12].

Ibid [15].

Ibid [18].

Ibid [17].

Ibid [29].

Ibid [31].

Ibid [32].

Jenness Valerie Grattet Ryken , Making Hate a Crime: From Social Movement to Law Enforcement (2001) 18.

Jenness Valerie Broad Kendal , Hate Crimes: New Social Movements and the Politics of Violence (1997) 106.

Lawrence Frederick , Punishing Hate: Bias Crimes under American Law (1999) 63.

Jacobs James B Potter Kimberley , Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics (1998) 66, 144.

Jenness Grattet , above n 20, 179.

Brown Charlotte , ‘Legislating Against Hate Crime in New Zealand: The Need to Recognise Gender-Based Violence’ (2004) 35 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 591, 595. See also Walters Mark , ‘Hate Crimes in Australia: Introducing Punishment Enhancers’ (2005) 29 Criminal Law Journal 201, 206.

Lawrence , above n 22, 13.

New South Wales, Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, 19 November 2002, 6954, (Helen Sham-Ho, MLC).

Allport Gordon , The Nature of Prejudice (1954) 22–24. See also Young-Bruehl Elizabeth , The Anatomies of Prejudices (1996).

Jenness Grattet , above n 20, 54–62. Although the possibility that term sexual orientation could be misinterpreted to include ‘child molestation’ has led to the use of alternative phrases, such as ‘homosexuality and heterosexuality’ in some US legislation: ibid, 60.

Government of Tasmania (Office of the Anti-discrimination Commissioner), Sexual Orientation and Lawful Sexual Activity: Discrimination (available at <antidiscrimination.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/108831/adc_sexualorientation.pdf> at 28 October 2009. The Anti-discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) gives no guidance here as the relevant ground is narrowly defined as ‘homosexuality’: S 49ZG.

Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (Vic) s 6(l); Government of Victoria (Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission), Sexual Orientation and Lawful Sexual Activity (2004) <humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au/types%20of%20discrimination/sexual%20orientation/default.asp>, at 28 October 2009. Ironically, the use of the phrase ‘lawful sexual activity’ may not provide such a safeguard if the legislation also covers ‘sexual orientation’ or ‘sexuality’ and these terms were to be interpreted to include paedophilia. See, for example: Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (Vic) s 6(d); Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld), ss 7(1),(n).

Bronitt Simon Stellios James , ‘Sedition, Security and Human Rights: “Unbalanced” Law Reform in the “War on Terror”’ (2007) 30 Melbourne University Law Review 923 at 948.