Whose Rights?

See CRC <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm> at 23 March 2009.

McSherry Bernadette Naylor Bronwyn , Australian Criminal Laws: Critical Perspectives (2004) 182–3.

Kempe C Henry , ‘The Battered-Child Syndrome’ (1962) 181 Journal of the American Medical Association 17.

See Saunders Bernadette Goddard Chris , ‘The importance of listening to children: A qualitative study on the use of physical punishment in childhood in Australia’ (2007) 29 Social Development Issues 33.

See Crown Prosecution Service, Reasonable Chastisement Research Report July 2007. <cps.gov.uk/Publications/research/chastisement.html> at 27 January 2009.

Banks Jerry Burton , ‘Childhood Discipline: Challenges for Clinicians and Parents’ (2002) 66 American Family Physician 1447.

Charter s 17(1) and 13(a); Human Rights Act (ACT) s 11(1) and 12; ICCPR art 23(1) and 17(1).

Charter s 8(3); Human Rights Act (ACT) s 8(3); ICCPR art 26.

See Saunders Bernadette Goddard Chris , ‘Some Australian Children's Perceptions of Physical Punishment in Childhood’ (2008) 22 Children & Society 405.

Nielssen Olav , ‘Child homicide in New South Wales from 1991 to 2005’ (2009) 190 Medical Journal of Australia 1.

Gershoff Elizabeth , ‘Corporal Punishment by Parents and Associated Child Behaviors and Experience’ (2002) 128 Psychological Bulletin 539, 544.

Gershoff Elizabeth Bitensky Susan , The Case against Corporal Punishment of Children’ (2007) 13 Psychology, Public Policy and Law 231, 231 and 235.

McCormick Karen , ‘Attitudes of Primary Care Physicians toward Corporal Punishment’ (1992) 267 Journal of the American Medical Association 3161.

Turner Susan , Something to Cry About (2002); Straus Murray , Beating the Devil Out of Them (1994).

McCord Joan , ‘Unintended Consequences of Punishment’ (1996) 98 Pediatrics 832.

Graziano Anthony , ‘Why We Should Study Subabusive Violence against Children’ (1994) 9 Journal of Interpersonal Violence 412; Gershoff , above n.11, 539.

Ritchie Jane Ritchie James , Spare the Rod (1981) 14.

Boss Peter , Physical Punishment in Child Rearing (1994).

Lawrence Julie Smith Anne , ‘Aotearoa/New Zealand Families’ (2008) 12 Childrenz Issues 17–24.

Stewart-Brown Sarah , ‘Legislation on Smacking’ (2004) 329 British Medical Journal 1195.

Sorbring Elizabeth , ‘Boys' and Girls' Perceptions of Parental Discipline in Transgression Situations’ (2003) 12 Infant and Child Development 53; Palmerus Kerstin , ‘Self-reported Discipline among Swedish Parents of Preschool Children’ (1999) 8 Infant and Child Development 155; Durrant Joan Rose-Krasnor Linda Broberg Anders , ‘Physical Punishment and Maternal Beliefs in Sweden and Canada’ (2003) 34 Journal of Comparative Family Studies 585.

Pollard Deana , ‘Banning Child Corporal Punishment’ (2003) 77 Tulane Law Review 624, 630.

Graziano Anthony , ‘Sub-abusive Violence in Child-Rearing in Middle-Class American Families’ (1996) 98 Pediatrics 845.

See ‘The Swedish Corporal Punishment Ban’ <bo.se/Adfinity.aspx?pageid=90> at 10 March 2009.

Quoted in ‘The Swedish Corporal Punishment Ban’, above n 24.

Foraldrabalken (Parents Code) ch 6, s 1; Durrant Joan , A Generation without Smacking (1999) 7.

Durrant , above n 26.

See Hindberg Barbro , Ending Corporal Punishment Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (2001) 13 <endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/pdfs/ending.pdf> at 23 March 2009.

Durrant , above n 26, 8.

Palmerus , above n 21; Durrant , above n 21.

Wood Beth Hassal Ian Hook George , Unreasonable Force: New Zealand's journey towards banning the physical punishment of children (2008).

Ibid.

New Zealand Herald (Auckland), 22 November 2007.

Ibid.

See Third Review of Police Activity following the Enactment of the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007, 18 December 2008, 1 <police.govt.nz/resources/2008/section-59-activity-review/section59_crime_ammendment_act_2007.pdf> at 23 March 2009.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Omnibus Survey Report One Year On: Public Attitudes and New Zealand's Child Discipline Law, Report from the Office of the Children's Commissioner, 2008 November.

Editorial, ‘Ask an obvious question and you get a meaningless answer’ New Zealand Herald (Auckland), 5 October 2008.

Cashmore Judy de Haas Nicola , Legal and Social Aspects of the Physical Punishment of Children (1995); Saunders Bernadette Goddard Chris Why Do We Condone the Physical Assault of Children by their Parents and Caregivers? (1999); Milfull Chris Schetzer Louis , Sufficient Protection for Australian Children's Rights? Beyond the Corbett Bill (2000); Tasmanian Law Reform Institute, Physical Punishment of Children (2003).

Mather Anne , ‘Move to outlaw smacks’, The Australian (Sydney), 11 September 2006; See, ‘Tas Govt urged to ban smacking’ ABC News online 2003 <abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200304/s828768.htm> at 23 March 2009; See Office of the Commissioner for Children (Tasmania), Value Children Now, Annual Report (2001–2002) <childcomm.tas.gov.au/docs/200102ar.pdf> at 23 March 2009; See ‘Government non-committal on call for smacking ban’, ABC News online, 30 April 2008 <abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/30/2231943.htm> at 23 March 2009; See ‘“Smacking children is not assault”, says police’ The Advertiser (Adelaide), 28 February 2008 <news.com.au/story/0,23599,23289320-421,00.html> at 23 March 2009.

UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), UN Committee on the Rights of the Child: Concluding Observations, Australia, 20 October 2005. CRC/C/15/ Add 268 paras 35 and 36.

Giles Darrell , ‘Anna Bligh backs tough love as right to smack upheld’, Courier Mail (Brisbane), 23 November 2008.

Nicholson Alistair , ‘Choose To Hug, Not Hit’ (2008) 46 Family Court Review 11.

Herald Sun (Melbourne), 21 February 2008.

O'Brien Susie , ‘Make smacking illegal’ Herald Sun (Melbourne), 11 December 2008.

Nielssen , ‘Child homicide in New South Wales from 1991 to 2005’ (2009) 190 Medical Journal of Australia 1, 7.

‘Call for ban on hitting children’ Herald Sun (Melbourne), 5 January 2009; ‘Child Homicide rate twice UK's’ The Australian (Sydney), 5 January 2009.

Herald Sun (Melbourne), 6 January 2009; 2064 responses were received.