Inspector Robert John Hortle v Aprint (Aust) Pty Ltd & Anor [2007] FMCA 1547 (Unreported, 10 September 2007, O'Sullivan FM).
2.
Ibid [33] – [34].
3.
Ibid [7].
4.
R v DS (2005) 191 FLR 337; R v Wei Tang [2006] VCC637 (Unreported, 9 June 2006, McInerney J).
5.
R v Wei Tang [2006] VCC637 (Unreported, 9 June 2006, McInerney J) [6]–[7].
6.
On 24 September 2008, the Migration Legislation Amendment (Worker Protection) Bill 2008 (Cth) was introduced to the Senate. This proposes the creation of Inspectors under the Migration Act with powers to monitor compliance with legislative requirements in relation to non-citizens sponsored for temporary visas with work rights. Inspectors will have powers broadly analogous to those of Workplace Inspectors of the Workplace Ombudsman under the Workplace Relations Act 1996, including powers to enter premises without force, inspect, interview and require production of documents. In the longer term, the scheme may be extended to cover all visas: Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 24 September 2008, 2–4 (Senator Ludwig, Second Reading). The introduction of the Bill suggests an increasing focus on the problem of labour exploitation, although the Bill proposes civil penalties, ratherthan a criminal law framework in relation to non-compliance.
7.
CarringtonKerryHearnJane, ‘Trafficking and the Sex Industry: From Impunity to Protection’ (2003) Current Issues Brief, No 28, Department of Parliamentary Library, 1–24.
8.
Attorney-General's Department [Australia], Australian Government's Action Plan to Eradicate Trafficking in Persons (2004) 8.
Opened for signature 15 November 2000, UN Doc A/55/383 (entered into force 25 December 2003), supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, opened for signature 15 November 2000, 2225 UNTS 209 (entered into force 29 September 2003).
11.
McSherryBernadette, ‘Trafficking in Persons: A Critical Analysis of the New Criminal Code Offences’ (2007) 18(3) Current Issues in Criminal Justice385, 389.
12.
Dictionary to the Criminal Code (Cth).
13.
See, eg, submissions to the Joint Standing Committee on Migration's Inquiry into Temporary Business Visas including: submissions 19 (Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute, Australian National University); 20a (Liquor, Hospitality and Miscellaneous Union); 21 (Construction Forestry Mining Energy Union); 34 (Federation of Ethnic Communities Councils of Australia); 39 (Australian Council of Trade Unions); 40 (Australian Manufacturing Workers Union); 5 1 (John Della Bosca MLC on behalf of the Premier of New South Wales Morris Iemma); 63 (Australian Nursing Federation); 72 (Victorian Government); 85 (Dr Selvaraj Velayutham and Dr Amanda Wise, Macquarie University): Parliament of Australia, Inquiry Into Temporary Business Visas, <aph.gov.au/house/committee/mig/457visas/subs.htm> at 9 September 2008.
14.
R v DS (2005) 191 FLR 337; R v Wei Tang [2006] VCC637 (Unreported, 9 June 2006, McInerney J).
15.
Inserted by the Criminal Code Amendment (Slavery and Sexual Servitude) Act 1999 (Cth).
16.
The offence will also occur when a person intentionally engages in slave trading; enters into a commercial transaction involving a slave; or controls or finances slave trading or commercial transactions involving a slave: Criminal Code (Cth) 270.3(1)(b)–(d).
17.
Criminal Code (Cth) ss 270.3(1)(b)–(d).
18.
R v DS (2005) 191 FLR 337.
19.
R v Wei Tang [2006] VCC637 (Unreported, 9 June 2006, McInerney J).
20.
R v Wei Tang (2007) 16 VR 454.
21.
R v Wei Tang [2007] VSCA144 (Unreported, 29 June 2007, Maxwell P, Buchanan and Eames JJA).
22.
Criminal Code (Cth) s 270.3(1).
23.
R v Wei Tang (2007) 16 VR 454, 482.
24.
Ibid473.
25.
Ibid.
26.
R v Wei Tang [2007] VSCA144 (Unreported, 29 June 2007, Maxwell P, Buchanan and Eames JJA).
27.
Ibid [8].
28.
Ibid [13].
29.
R v Tang [2008] HCA39 (Unreported, 29 August 2008, Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Kirby, Hayne, Heydon, Crennan and Kiefel JJ) [44] (GleesonCJ).
KirkAlexandra, ‘Government Promises to Protect Overseas Workers’, AM Program, ABC Radio, 5 September 2008 <abc.net.au/am/content/2008/s2356076.htm> at 8 September 2008.
36.
PuttJudy, ‘Human Trafficking to Australia: A Research Challenge’ (2007) 338Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice1,5.
37.
Ibid3.
38.
Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee, 23 February 2005, 52 (Senator Mason) [emphasis added].
39.
Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee, 23 February 2005, 52 (Evidence of Grant Edwards, Federal Agent).
40.
BurnJennifer, Director of the Anti-Slavery Project at the University of Technology Sydney, Interviewed by Richard Aedy, ABC Radio, 10 March 2008.
This has been recognised internationally. See: United States Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report June 2008 (2008) 61.
44.
The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Joint Standing Committee on Migration, Temporary Visas… Permanent Benefits: Ensuring the Effectiveness, Fairness and Integrity of the Temporary Visa Business Program (2007) 112.
45.
VelayuthamSelvarajWiseAmanda, Centre for Research on Social Inclusion, Macquarie University, Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Migration's Inquiry into Temporary Business Visas, Submission 85, 6 <aph.gov.au/house/committee/mig/457visas/subs/sub085.pdf> at 9 September 2008.
The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, above n 44, 113.
51.
Criminal Code (Cth) Dictionary.
52.
Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate Joint Standing Committee on Migration, 16 May 2007, 51 (Evidence of David Bibo, Organiser, Liquor, Hospitality and Miscellaneous Union).
53.
R v Setiadi [2006] NZHC619 (Unreported, 1 June 2006, Priestly J).
54.
These facts are taken from ibid.
55.
McSherryBernadetteCullenMiriam, ‘The Criminal Justice Response to Trafficking in Persons: Practical Problems with Enforcement in the Asia-Pacific Region’ (2007) 19(3) Global Change, Peace and Security205, 218.
56.
For an overview of such theories see BronittSimonMcSherryBernadette B, Principles of Criminal Law (2nd ed, 2005) 51ff.
57.
GlasbleekHarry J, ‘Occupational Health and Safety Law: Criminal Law as a Political Tool’ (1998) 2Australian Journal of Labour Law1,19.
58.
McSherryBernadetteKneeboneSusan, ‘Trafficking in Women and Forced Migration: Moving Victims Across the Border of Crime into the Domain of Human Rights’ (2008) 12(1) The International Journal of Human Rights67.
59.
SangheraJyoti, ‘Unpacking the Trafficking Discourse’, in KempadooKamalaSangheraJyotiPattanaikBandana (eds), Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Migration, Sex Work and Human Rights (2005) 4.
60.
GallagherAnne, ‘Human Rights and the New UN Protocols on Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling: A Preliminary Analysis’ (2001) 23Human Rights Quarterly975, 986.
61.
Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 8 December 2004, 2 (Chris Ellison, Minister for Justice and Customs).
Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, Senate, 20 June 2005, 79 (Santo Santoro, Liberal Party).
64.
DoezemaJo, ‘Forced to Choose: Beyond the Voluntary v. Forced Prostitution Dichotomy’ in KempadooKamalaDoezemaJo J (eds), Global Sex Workers: Rights and Resistance (1998) 43.
